Tài liệu The Approach to Philosophy pptx

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stand-points.
Although the order is on the whole that of progressive complexity, I have sought to treat each chapter with
independence enough to make it possible for it to be read separately; and I have provided a carefully selected
bibliography in the hope that this book may serve as a stimulus and guide to the reading of other books.
The earlier chapters have already appeared as articles: Chapter I in the International Journal of Ethics, Vol.
XIII, No. 4; Chapter II in the Philosophical Review, Vol. XI, No. 6; Chapter III in the Monist, Vol. XIV, No.
5; Chapter IV in the International Journal of Ethics, Vol. XV, No. 1; and some paragraphs of Chapter V in
the Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods, Vol. I, No. 7. I am indebted to the editors of
these periodicals for permission to reprint with minor changes.
In the writing of this, my first book, I have been often reminded that a higher critic, skilled in the study of
internal evidence, could probably trace all of its ideas to suggestions that have come to me from my teachers
and colleagues of the Department of Philosophy in Harvard University. I have unscrupulously forgotten what
of their definite ideas I have adapted to my own use, but not that I received from them the major portion of my
original philosophical capital. I am especially indebted to Professor William James for the inspiration and
resources which I have received from his instruction and personal friendship.
RALPH BARTON PERRY.
CAMBRIDGE, March, 1905.
FOOTNOTES:
[vii:A] Edw. Caird: Literature and Philosophy, Vol. I, p. 207.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I
APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF PHILOSOPHY
PAGE
Part III sought to emphasize the point of view, or the 5
CHAPTER I.
THE PRACTICAL MAN AND THE PHILOSOPHER 3
§ 1. Is Philosophy a Merely Academic Interest? 3 § 2. Life as a Starting-point for Thought 4 § 3. The Practical
Knowledge of Means 8 § 4. The Practical Knowledge of the End or Purpose 10 § 5. The Philosophy of the
Devotee, the Man of Affairs, and the Voluptuary 12 § 6. The Adoption of Purposes and the Philosophy of Life
17
CHAPTER I. 6
CHAPTER II.
POETRY AND PHILOSOPHY 24
§ 7. Who is the Philosopher-Poet? 24 § 8. Poetry as Appreciation 25 § 9. Sincerity in Poetry. Whitman 27 §
10. Constructive Knowledge in Poetry. Shakespeare 30 § 11. Philosophy in Poetry. The World-view. Omar
Khayyam 36 § 12. Wordsworth 38 § 13. Dante 42 § 14. The Difference between Poetry and Philosophy 48
CHAPTER II. 7
CHAPTER III.
THE RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE 53
§ 15. The Possibility of Defining Religion 53 § 16. The Profitableness of Defining Religion 54 § 17. The True
Method of Defining Religion 56 § 18. Religion as Belief 59 § 19. Religion as Belief in a Disposition or
Attitude 62 § 20. Religion as Belief in the Disposition of the Residual Environment, or Universe 64 § 21.
Examples of Religious Belief 66 § 22. Typical Religious Phenomena. Conversion 69 § 23. Piety 72 § 24.
Religious Instruments, Symbolism, and Modes of Conveyance 74 § 25. Historical Types of Religion.
Primitive Religions 77 § 26. Buddhism 78 § 27. Critical Religion 79
CHAPTER III. 8
CHAPTER IV.
THE PHILOSOPHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF RELIGION 82
§ 28. Résumé of Psychology of Religion 82 § 29. Religion Means to be True 82 § 30. Religion Means to be
Practically True. God is a Disposition from which Consequences May Rationally be Expected 85 § 31.
Historical Examples of Religious Truth and Error. The Religion of Baal 88 § 32. Greek Religion 89 § 33.
Judaism and Christianity 92 § 34. The Cognitive Factor in Religion 96 § 35. The Place of Imagination in
Religion 97 § 36. The Special Functions of the Religious Imagination 101 § 37. The Relation between
Imagination and Truth in Religion 105 § 38. The Philosophy Implied in Religion and in Religions 108
CHAPTER IV. 9
CHAPTER V.
NATURAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY 114
§ 39. The True Relations of Philosophy and Science. Misconceptions and Antagonisms 114 § 40. The Spheres
of Philosophy and Science 117 § 41. The Procedure of a Philosophy of Science 120 § 42. The Origin of the
Scientific Interest 123 § 43. Skill as Free 123 § 44. Skill as Social 126 § 45. Science for Accommodation and
Construction 127 § 46. Method and Fundamental Conceptions of Natural Science. The Descriptive Method
128 § 47. Space, Time, and Prediction 130 § 48. The Quantitative Method 132 § 49. The General
Development of Science 134 § 50. The Determination of the Limits of Natural Science 135 § 51. Natural
Science is Abstract 136 § 52. The Meaning of Abstractness in Truth 139 § 53. But Scientific Truth is Valid
for Reality 142 § 54. Relative Practical Value of Science and Philosophy 143
PART II
THE SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY
CHAPTER V. 10
CHAPTER VI.
METAPHYSICS AND EPISTEMOLOGY 149
§ 55. The Impossibility of an Absolute Division of the Problem of Philosophy 149 § 56. The Dependence of
the Order of Philosophical Problems upon the Initial Interest 152 § 57. Philosophy as the Interpretation of Life
152 § 58. Philosophy as the Extension of Science 154 § 59. The Historical Differentiation of the Philosophical
Problem 155 § 60. Metaphysics Seeks a Most Fundamental Conception 157 § 61. Monism and Pluralism 159
§ 62. Ontology and Cosmology Concern Being and Process 159 § 63. Mechanical and Teleological
Cosmologies 160 § 64. Dualism 162 § 65. The New Meaning of Monism and Pluralism 163 § 66.
Epistemology Seeks to Understand the Possibility of Knowledge 164 § 67. Scepticism, Dogmatism, and
Agnosticism 166 § 68. The Source and Criterion of Knowledge according to Empiricism and Rationalism.
Mysticism 168 § 69. The Relation of Knowledge to its Object according to Realism, and the Representative
Theory 172 § 70. The Relation of Knowledge to its Object according to Idealism 175 § 71. Phenomenalism,
Spiritualism, and Panpsychism 176 § 72. Transcendentalism, or Absolute Idealism 177
CHAPTER VI. 11
CHAPTER VII.
THE NORMATIVE SCIENCES AND THE PROBLEMS OF RELIGION 180
§ 73. The Normative Sciences 180 § 74. The Affiliations of Logic 182 § 75. Logic Deals with the Most
General Conditions of Truth in Belief 183 § 76. The Parts of Formal Logic. Definition, Self-evidence,
Inference, and Observation 184 § 77. Present Tendencies. Theory of the Judgment 187 § 78. Priority of
Concepts 188 § 79. Æsthetics Deals with the Most General Conditions of Beauty. Subjectivistic and
Formalistic Tendencies 189 § 80. Ethics Deals with the Most General Conditions of Moral Goodness 191 §
81. Conceptions of the Good. Hedonism 191 § 82. Rationalism 193 § 83. Eudæmonism and Pietism. Rigorism
and Intuitionism 194 § 84. Duty and Freedom. Ethics and Metaphysics 196 § 85. The Virtues, Customs, and
Institutions 198 § 86. The Problems of Religion. The Special Interests of Faith 199 § 87. Theology Deals with
the Nature and Proof of God 200 § 88. The Ontological Proof of God 200 § 89. The Cosmological Proof of
God 203 § 90. The Teleological Proof of God 204 § 91. God and the World. Theism and Pantheism 205 § 92.
Deism 206 § 93. Metaphysics and Theology 207 § 94. Psychology is the Theory of the Soul 208 § 95.
Spiritual Substance 209 § 96. Intellectualism and Voluntarism 210 § 97. Freedom of the Will.
Necessitarianism, Determinism, and Indeterminism 211 § 98. Immortality. Survival and Eternalism 212 § 99.
The Natural Science of Psychology. Its Problems and Method 213 § 100. Psychology and Philosophy 216 §
101. Transition from Classification by Problems to Classification by Doctrines. Naturalism. Subjectivism.
Absolute Idealism. Absolute Realism 217
PART III
SYSTEMS OF PHILOSOPHY
CHAPTER VII. 12
CHAPTER VIII.
NATURALISM 223
§ 102. The General Meaning of Materialism 223 § 103. Corporeal Being 224 § 104. Corporeal Processes.
Hylozoism and Mechanism 225 § 105. Materialism and Physical Science 228 § 106. The Development of the
Conceptions of Physical Science. Space and Matter 228 § 107. Motion and its Cause. Development and
Extension of the Conception of Force 231 § 108. The Development and Extension of the Conception of
Energy 236 § 109. The Claims of Naturalism 239 § 110. The Task of Naturalism 241 § 111. The Origin of the
Cosmos 242 § 112. Life. Natural Selection 244 § 113. Mechanical Physiology 246 § 114. Mind. The
Reduction to Sensation 247 § 115. Automatism 248 § 116. Radical Materialism. Mind as an Epiphenomenon
250 § 117. Knowledge. Positivism and Agnosticism 252 § 118. Experimentalism 255 § 119. Naturalistic
Epistemology not Systematic 256 § 120. General Ethical Stand-point 258 § 121. Cynicism and Cyrenaicism
259 § 122. Development of Utilitarianism. Evolutionary Conception of Social Relations 260 § 123.
Naturalistic Ethics not Systematic 262 § 124. Naturalism as Antagonistic to Religion 263 § 125. Naturalism as
the Basis for a Religion of Service, Wonder, and Renunciation 265
CHAPTER VIII. 13
CHAPTER IX.
SUBJECTIVISM 267
§ 126. Subjectivism Originally Associated with Relativism and Scepticism 267 § 127. Phenomenalism and
Spiritualism 271 § 128. Phenomenalism as Maintained by Berkeley. The Problem Inherited from Descartes
and Locke 272 § 129. The Refutation of Material Substance 275 § 130. The Application of the
Epistemological Principle 277 § 131. The Refutation of a Conceived Corporeal World 278 § 132. The
Transition to Spiritualism 280 § 133. Further Attempts to Maintain Phenomenalism 281 § 134. Berkeley's
Spiritualism. Immediate Knowledge of the Perceiver 284 § 135. Schopenhauer's Spiritualism, or Voluntarism.
Immediate Knowledge of the Will 285 § 136. Panpsychism 287 § 137. The Inherent Difficulty in Spiritualism.
No Provision for Objective Knowledge 288 § 138. Schopenhauer's Attempt to Universalize Subjectivism.
Mysticism 290 § 139. Objective Spiritualism 292 § 140. Berkeley's Conception of God as Cause, Goodness,
and Order 293 § 141. The General Tendency of Subjectivism to Transcend Itself 297 § 142. Ethical Theories.
Relativism 298 § 143. Pessimism and Self-denial 299 § 144. The Ethics of Welfare 300 § 145. The Ethical
Community 302 § 146. The Religion of Mysticism 303 § 147. The Religion of Individual Coöperation with
God 304
CHAPTER IX. 14