Tài liệu World War II: Biographies docx

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Advisory Board vii
Reader’s Guide ix
Words to Know xi
Timeline xvii
Biographies
Frank Capra 1
Neville Chamberlain 11
Chiang Kai-Shek 17
Winston Churchill 25
Jacqueline Cochran 34
Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. 43
Benjamin O. Davis, Sr. 53
Charles de Gaulle 62
Dwight D. Eisenhower 73
Hermann Göring 82
Hirohito 92
Adolf Hitler 100
v
Contents
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Oveta Culp Hobby 113
Franz Jaggerstatter 121
Fred T. Korematsu 129
Douglas MacArthur 136
George C. Marshall 147
Bernard Montgomery 157
Benito Mussolini 167
The Navajo Code Talkers 175
J. Robert Oppenheimer 183
George S. Patton 193
Ernie Pyle 203
Jeannette Rankin 215
Erwin Rommel 223
Franklin D. Roosevelt 232
Joseph Stalin 245
Edith Stein 256
Dorothy Thompson 263
Hideki Tojo 272
Harry S. Truman 278
Index xxvii
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S
pecial thanks are due for the invaluable comments and sug-
gestions provided by U•X•L’s World War II Reference
Library advisors:
•Sidney Bolkosky, Professor of History, University of
Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan
• Sara Brooke, Director of Libraries, The Ellis School, Pitts-
burgh, Pennsylvania
• Jacquelyn Divers, Librarian, Roanoke County Schools,
Roanoke, Virginia
•Elaine Ezell, Library Media Specialist, Bowling Green
Junior High School, Bowling Green, Ohio
•Melvin Small, Department of History, Wayne State Univer-
sity, Detroit, Michigan
vii
Advisory Board
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W
orld War II: Biographies presents the life stories of thirty-
one individuals who played key roles in World War II.
The many noteworthy individuals involved in the war could
not all be profiled in a single-volume work. Stories were
selected to give readers a wide perspective on the war and the
people who played a part in it, including political and military
leaders, enlisted men, and civilians. World War II: Biographies
includes readily recognizable figures such as U.S. President
Franklin D. Roosevelt and Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, as well as
lesser-known individuals such as Franz Jaggerstatter, an Aus-
trian conscientious objector killed by the Nazis for refusing to
serve in the German army, and Dorothy Thompson, an Amer-
ican journalist who wrote against Hitler’s political and social
policies in the years before the war.
Other Features
World War II: Biographies begins with a “Words to
Know” section and a timeline of events and achievements in
the lives of the profilees. The volume has more than sixty
black-and-white photos. Entries contain sidebars of related,
ix
Reader’s Guide
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interesting information and additional short biographies of
people who are in some way connected with the main
biographee. Sources for further reading or research are cited at
the end of each entry. Cross-references are made to other indi-
viduals profiled in the volume. The volume concludes with a
subject index so students can easily find the people, places,
and events discussed throughout World War II: Biographies.
Comments and Suggestions
We welcome your comments on World War II: Biogra-
phies, as well as your suggestions for persons to be features in
future editions. Please write, Editors, World War II: Biographies,
U•X•L, 27500 Drake Rd., Farmington Hills, Michigan 48331-
3535; call toll-free: 1-800-877-4253; fax to (248) 699-8097; or
send e-mail via http://www.gale.com.
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A
Allies: The countries who fought against Germany, Italy, and
Japan during World War II. The makeup of the Allied
powers changed over the course of the war. The first
Allied countries were Great Britain and France. Ger-
many defeated France in 1940 but some Free French
forces continued to fight with the Allies until the end
of the war. The Soviet Union and the United States
joined the Allies in 1941.
Afrika Korps: The experienced, effective German troops who
fought under German field marshal Erwin Rommel in
the North African desert.
Anschloss: The 1938 agreement that made Austria a part of
Nazi Germany.
Antisemitism: The hatred of Jews, who are sometimes called
Semites.
Appeasement: Making compromises in order to stay on neu-
tral terms with another party or country.
xi
Words to Know
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Atlantic Charter: An agreement signed in 1941 by President
Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Win-
ston Churchill in which the United States and Great
Britain stated their commitment to worldwide peace
and democracy.
Atomic bomb: A weapon of mass destruction in which a
radioactive element such as uranium is bombarded with
neutrons to create a chain reaction called nuclear fission,
which splits atoms, releasing a huge amount of energy.
Axis: During World War II, Germany, Italy, and Japan formed
a coalition called the Axis powers.
B
Blitzkrieg: Meaning “lightning war” in German, this is the
name given the German’s military strategy of sending
troops in land vehicles to make quick, surprise attacks
while airplanes provide support from above. This
method was especially effective against Poland and
France.
C
Chancellor: In some European countries, including Germany,
the chief minister of the government.
Communism: An economic system that promotes the owner-
ship of all property and means of production by the
community as a whole.
Concentration camps: Places where the Germans confined
people they considered “enemies of the state.” These
included Jews, Roma (commonly called Gypsies),
homosexuals, and political opponents.
Conscientious objector: A person who refuses to fight in a war
for moral, religious, or philosophical reasons.
D
D-Day: Usually refers to June 6, 1944, the day the Normandy
Invasion began with a massive landing of Allied troops
on the beaches of northern France, which was occu-
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pied by Germany; also called Operation Overlord.
D-Day is also a military term designating the date and
time of an attack.
Depression: An economic downturn. The United States expe-
rienced the worst depression in its history from 1929
to 1939, referred to as the Great Depression.
Dictator: A ruler who holds absolute power.
Draft: The system by which able young men are required by law
to perform a term of military service for their country.
Il Duce: The Italian phrase meaning “the leader” by which dic-
tator Benito Mussolini was known.
E
Executive Order 9066: President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s order
directing all Japanese Americans living on the West
Coast to be sent to internment camps.
F
Fascism: A political system in which power rests not with cit-
izens but with the central government, which is often
run by the military and/or a dictator.
Final Solution: The code name given to the Nazi plan to elim-
inate all the Jews of Europe.
Free French Movement: The movement led by Charles de
Gaulle, who, from a position outside France, tried to
organize and encourage the French people to resist the
German occupation.
Führer: The German word meaning “leader”; the title Adolf
Hitler took as dictator of Germany.
G
G.I.: Stands for government issue, G.I. has become a nickname
for enlisted soldiers, or former members of the U.S.
armed forces.
Gestapo: An abbreviation for Germany’s Geheime Staats
Politzei or Secret State Police.
Words to Know xiii
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H
Hitler Youth: An organization that trained German boys to
idolize and obey German leader Adolf Hitler and to
become Nazi soldiers.
Holocaust: The period between 1933 and 1945 when Nazi
Germany systematically persecuted and murdered mil-
lions of Jews, Roma (commonly called Gypsies),
homosexuals, and other innocent people.
I
Internment camps: Ten camps located throughout the west-
ern United States to which about 120,000 Japanese
Americans were forced to move due to ungrounded
suspicion that they were not loyal to the United States.
Isolationism: A country’s policy of keeping out of other coun-
tries’ affairs.
L
Lend-Lease Program: A program that allowed the United
States to send countries fighting the Germans (such as
Great Britain and the Soviet Union) supplies needed
for the war effort in exchange for payment to be made
after the war.
Luftwaffe: The German air force.
M
Manhattan Project: The project funded by the U.S. govern-
ment that gathered scientists together at Los Alamos,
New Mexico, to work on the development of an
atomic bomb.
Mein Kampf (My Struggle): The 1924 autobiography of Adolf
Hitler, in which he explains his racial and political
philosophies, including his hatred of Jews.
N
Nazi: The abbreviation for the National Socialist German
Workers’ Party, the political party led by Adolf Hitler,
who became dictator of Germany. Hitler’s Nazi Party
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controlled Germany from 1933 to 1945. The Nazis pro-
moted racist and anti-Semitic (anti-Jewish) ideas and
enforced complete obedience to Hitler and the party.
Noncombatant: A job in the military that is not directly
involved with combat or fighting; such a job may be
given to a conscientious objector during a war.
O
Occupation: Control of a country by a foreign military power.
Operation Overlord: The code name for the Normandy Inva-
sion, a massive Allied attack on German-occupied
France; also called D-Day.
P
Pacifist: A person who does not believe in hurting or killing
others for any reason.
Pact of Steel: An agreement signed in 1939 that established
the military alliance between Italy’s Benito Mussolini
and Germany’s Adolf Hitler.
Propaganda: Material such as literature, images, or speeches
that is designed to influence public opinion toward a
certain doctrine. The content of the material may be
true or false.
Purge: Removing (often by killing) all those who are seen as
enemies.
R
Reich: The German word meaning “empire.” Hitler’s term as
Germany’s leader was called the Third Reich.
Reichstag: Germany’s parliament or lawmaking body.
Resistance: Working against an occupying army.
S
Segregation: The forced separation of black and white people,
not only in public places and schools but also in the
U.S. military. The opposite of segregation is integration.
Words to Know xv
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