Thứ Sáu, 28 tháng 2, 2014
Sinh 8 - Mắt
Nhiệt liệt chào mừng
Nhiệt liệt chào mừng
Quý vị đại biểu, các thầy
Quý vị đại biểu, các thầy
cô giáo về dự giờ học tốt
cô giáo về dự giờ học tốt
PHềNG GIO DC HUYN VNH BO - TRNG THCS nhân hòa
Gv:
Gv:
Vũ Thị Mịn
Vũ Thị Mịn
NGI THC HIN
MễN: sinh học 8
Thứ 2 ngày 17 tháng 3 năm 2008
Nhiệt liệt chào mừng các thầy cô giáo về dự chuyên
đề tổ chào mừng ngày thành lập Đoàn 26 tháng 3
Bộ môn: Sinh học
Kiểm tra bài cũ:
Câu 1: Nêu các thành phần của cơ quan phân tích thị giác, cấu tạo
của cầu mắt.
Cơ quan phân tích thị giác gồm: màng lưới trong cầu mắt, dây thần kinh
thị giác và vùng thị giác ở thuỳ chẩm của vỏ đại não.
- Lớp màng cứng bảo vệ phần trong của cầu mắt
Cấu tạo cầu mắt gồm 3 lớp
- Lớp màng mạch có nhiều mạch máu và các tế bào sắc tố đen tạo
thành phòng tối trong cầu mắt
- lớp màng lưới trong đó chứa tế bào thụ cảm thị giác bao gồm hai
loại té bào nón và tế bào que.
- Điểm vàng: tập trung nhiều tế
bào nón (một tế bào nón tiếp nhận và
truyền về não qua từng tế bào thần
kinh riêng rẽ. xa điểm vàng ít tế bào
nón nhiều tế bào que.
- Điểm mù: không có tế bào thụ
cảm thị giác nên nếu ảnh của vật rơi
vào đó xẽ không nhìn thấy gì.
* Sự tạo ảnh ở màng lưới :
- Nhờ thuỷ tinh thể có khả năng
điều tiết để ảnh rơi đúng vào màng lư
ới.
* Cấu tạo của màng lưới.
Câu 2: Trình bày cấu tạo của màng lưới, sự tạo ảnh ở màng lưới.
Dựa vào những hiểu biết của mình hãy nêu những tật và bệnh của
mắt mà em biết ?
Khả năng nhìn của mắt có thể bị suy giảm do thiếu giữ gìn vệ
sinh mắt mắc một số tật hoặc bệnh về mắt.
Yêu cầu HS nghiên cứu thông tin trong sách giáo khoa trả lời câu
hỏi sau.
Nêu các tật của mắt?
1. Cận thị là tật mà mắt chỉ có khả năng nhìn gần
2. Viễn thị là tật mà mắt chỉ có khả năng nhìn xa
Thứ 2 ngày 17 tháng 3 năm 2008
Nghiên cứu thông tin I.1,2 và quan sát H.50.1,2,3,4. Thảo luận
nhóm hoàn thành bảng 50.
Thứ 2 ngày 17 tháng 3 năm 2008
Cầu mắt dài
Thể thủy tinh quá phồng
điều chỉnh bằng đeo
kính cận.
Cầu mắt ngắn
Thể thủy tinh lão hoá
điều chỉnh bằng đeo
kính lão
Bảng 50. Các tật mắt, nguyên nhân và cách khắc phục
Các tật của
Các tật của
mắt
mắt
Nguyên nhân
Nguyên nhân
Cách khắc phục
Cách khắc phục
Thứ 2 ngày 17 tháng 3 năm 2008
Bẩm sinh: cầu mắt dài
Do không giữ khoảng
cách đúng khi đọc sách
(đọc quá gần)
Đeo kính cận
(Kính mặt lõm)
-
Bẩm sinh: cầu mắt ngắn
-Do thuỷ tinh thể bị lão hoá
(già) mất khả năng điều tiết
-
Bẩm sinh: cầu mắt ngắn
Đeo kính viễn
(Kính mặt lồi)
Cận thị
Viễn thị
* Dựa vào kiến thức thực tiễn và thông tin trong sách, hãy kể các
bệnh về mắt mà em biết ?
*Các bệnh về mắt:
- Bệnh đau mắt hột
- Bệnh đau mắt đỏ
- Bệnh đau mắt do bị viêm kết mạc làm thành màng,
mộng
* Nguyên nhân của các bệnh trên là do đâu?
* Hãy nêu những cách phòng tránh các bệnh về mắt mà em biết và
nêu lên những cam kết thực hiện vệ sinh về mắt
Thứ 2 ngày 17 tháng 3 năm 2008
- Do một số loại vi rút gây nên.
- Do dùng chung khăn, chậu với người bệnh, tắm rửa trong
oa hồ tù hãm.
Bài tập: Chọn đáp án đúng.
Bài 1: Cận thị là do những nguyên nhân
a. Cầu mắt ngắn.
b. Khi đọc sách giữ ở khoảng cách chuẩn 25 cm đến 30cm.
c. Cầu mắt dài hoặc không giữ đúng khoảng cách khi đọc sách
và học bài.
Bài 2: Người già thường phải đeo kính lão là do
a. Thể thuỷ tinh bị lão hoá mất khả năng điều tiết.
b. Thể thuỷ tinh luôn luôn phồng.
c. Thể thuỷ tinh luôn co dãn.
Bài 3: Để vệ sinh mắt đúng phương pháp ta phải
a.Giữ đúng khoảng cách chuẩn (25 cm 30 cm) khi đọc
sách và ngồi học.
b. Ngồi học ở những nơi thiếu ánh sáng, đọc sách trên tàu
xe.
c.Không dùng chung khăn tay, chậu rửa vơí người bệnh.
d.Rửa mặt thường xuyên bằng nước muối loãng.
e. Giữ gìn vệ sinh môi trường và nguồn nước nơi ở và nơi
công cộng.
Bai tap ngu phap
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Anh hùng xạ điêu_ Hồi 27
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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Mlđ MđB Mlóot gB ®∙ quy geªo ë plđ L©µ Ao!".
C©u Êy võB ỗe rB, qo M¸e eµ pl¨ot pl¾M. §ég oleªo Mã µég ot}êe l¸ µot
tmn hío, o»µ plơM xot ®Êg. Qo M¸e bèo plÝB ®Êµ otùM tµ Ml©o, kªu klãM
ǵ Ü, got tmn klãM vBot ®éot M¶ M©y rõot, gruo rB xB xB grªo µỈg lå.
Qu¸Ml TÜol M¶ keol "ậo µ×ol g×µ s} plơ kl«ot ®}ỵM gÐ rB h∙n ol©o teB ot}êe
®∙ quB ®êe råe", kl«ot k×µ ®}ỵM o}íM µ¾g rßot rßot, MlØ hm grnot µot ®∙ bÞ
Mmol tBe olÐg Møot kl«ot klãM ®}ỵM rB got. Hnmot Duot h¹e otlÜ "G∙ bÐn omy
Ml¼ot gèg hmol t×, dïot gm pl¸p b¾g bäo µ×ol. Lêe ot}êe omy hmµ sBn geo ®}ỵM?
NlÊg ®Þol hm y bÞB ®Ỉg".
Qo M¸e olí gíe ¬o ®øM MđB Håot TlÊg M«ot, Be Mòot bËg got klãM hío. Lç
H÷u C}íM ®ég oleªo qu¸g "amol gr}ëot h∙n, bBot Mlđ quy gleªo hm Be MlÝol µ¾g
ol×o glÊy?". amol gr}ëot h∙n ®¸p "Lç gr}ëot h∙n, u bBot Mlđ h∙n ol©o teB ot}êe
Mßo sèot gl× Be ¨o tBo bin geµ Mäp µm d¸µ rđB «ot? Nt}êe MlÝol µ¾g ol×o glÊy h∙n
ol©o teB quy gleªo Mòot ®Bot ë ®©y. D}¬ot T}íot M«ot, µêe ot}êe ỗe râ Mln M¸M
luyol ®Ư ®e". ClØ glÊy µég ot}êe ®øot hªo, MlÝol hm D}¬ot KlBot.
Y Mǵ otäo gróM bỉot µmu xBol b}íM gíe gr}íM ®me qo M¸e hËp gøM eµ hỈot,
ol}ot got òM sơg sïe vÉo Mßo Ml}B døg. D}¬ot KlBot Ml˵ r∙e ỗe "Håot
bBot Mlđ µég gl¸ot gr}íM ®©y gû vâ víe ot}êe gB ë plđ L©µ Ao, bÊg l¹ol glÊg glđ
bÞ ®¸ol MlÕg".
Qo M¸e otli M©u Êy, hËp gøM olBn olBn kªu hªo "KỴ glï hm Be, ỗe µBu ®e,
ỗe µBu ®e?". "aBot Mlđ glÇo gl«ot ol} glÕ, hmµ sBn glÊg glđ ®}ỵM. NlÊg ®Þol hm kỴ
glï ®«ot ot}êe bBn v©y, bBot Mlđ Mlóot gB r¬e vmn glÕ qu¶ bÊg ®ÞMl Mlóot".
Qu¸Ml TÜol otli D}¬ot KlBot ỗe, gõ ®Bu bo Mluo sBot gøM to ol}ot h¹e
hËp gøM vue µõot, otlÜ glǵ "cég gl¸ot gr}íM ®©y râ rmot s} plơ Mßo ë Mluot víe
µ×ol, gÐ rB hm y bÞB ®Ỉg". Hnmot Duot h¹e otlÜ "Tl»ot gu gư omy hm läM grß hËu MđB
h∙n tem hõB ®¶n Cõu Tleªo NlËo, läM háµ ®}ỵM M«ot plu glèe glB plBn geo MlÕg
MlãM".
D}¬ot KlBot teBot lBe gBy rB, ®ỵe qo M¸e yªo hỈot µíe ỗe "Nt}êe l¹e MlÕg
bBot Mlđ MlÝol hm ®¶n Mlđ §mn HnB §«ot gm Hnmot D}ỵM S} vm b¶y gªo ®¹n sÜ
tM M}íp pl¸e Tnmo Cl©o". Hnmot D}ỵM S} ®∙ h©u kl«ot rêe ®¶n, qo M¸e grnot
µ}êe ot}êe Mã gíe MlÝo kl«ot bg gªo lä y, Tnmo Cl©o glÊg gư gl× nBe dBol h¹e hõot
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hÉy. H«µ Êy ol÷ot ot}êe ®}ỵM gíe dù ®¹e lée ë Qu©o S¬o ®Ịu kl«ot pl¶e hm kỴ
gǵ gl}êot grnot bBot, gù oleªo ®Ịu bg gme o¨ot MđB Tnmo Cl©o glÊg gư, otlÜ
glǵ bÊg kĨ Hnmot D}ỵM S} hm hn¹e ot}êe glÕ omn ol}ot Tnmo Cl©o glÊg gư heªo
glđ gl× bBot Mlđ Mln dï vâ M«ot gr¸M gug ol}ot µég ot}êe hỴ hne Mòot kl«ot
pl¶e hm ®ÞMl glđ, hóM Êy Be Mòot v« Mïot be plÉo. Cã ot}êe otn¸M µot Mlưe µ¾ot,
Mã ot}êe tmn glÐg ®ße hËp gøM gr¶ glï Mln bBot Mlđ.
Ntuyªo l«µ gr}íM D}¬ot KlBot otli ¢u D}¬ot Plnot ỗe Håot TlÊg M«ot
bÞ y dïot C¸p µ« M«ot ®¶ gl}¬ot, ¾g klã t ®}ỵM gÝol µ¹ot. Y h¹e Mln r»ot
Qu¸Ml TÜol ®∙ bÞ µ×ol ®©µ MlÕg grnot Mʵ Muot, omn otê ®ég oleªo tỈp olBu ë
hÇu Nl¹M D}¬ot, sBu hóM ln¶ot sỵ bÌo sBe bB vÞ gr}ëot h∙n grnot C¸e bBot g×µ
M¸Ml b¾g sèot lBe ot}êe, Mã ý tg MlÕg lä. Y otlÜ Mluo omy h©u otmy ¾g sÏ gg
hé, Hnmot D}ỵM S}, Tnmo Cl©o glÊg gư, GeBot NBµ hơM qu¸e ¾g sÏ g×µ y gr¶ glï. LơM
qu¸e vâ M«ot kl«ot MBn Mòot Ml»ot Mã t× ®¸ot sỵ, Mlø §«ot gm vm Tnmo Cl©o
glÊg gư kl«ot pl¶e gǵ gl}êot, v× vËy glo µot ®ỉ gée tg MlÕg Håot TlÊg M«ot
hªo ®Çu lä, ®Ĩ C¸e bBot dèM gnmo hùM ®èe plã, kleªu Mlo víe M¶ ®¶n §mn HnB
hÉo pl¸e Tnmo Cl©o, grõ ®}ỵM µèe läB hío Mln µ×ol.
GB got qu¸g gl¸n ǵ Ü MđB qo M¸e, Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n ë §«ot hé ®øot dËy
ỗe "C¸M Bol iµ, xeo otli gB ỗe µég M©u". Nt}êe omy r©u gãM ®Ịu b¹M, gl©o l×ol
otò ®n¶o ol}ot võB µë µot gl× µäe ot}êe hËp gøM eµ ®Ỉot, râ rmot rÊg Mã uy gÝo
grnot C¸e bBot. ClØ otli y ỗe "Tr}íM µ¾g Mlóot gB M« lBe vM hío. VM glø olÊg
hm gu©o glin de µƯol MđB bBot Mlđ g«o hËp bBot Mlđ ®êe glø µ}êe MlÝo MđB b¶o
bBot. VM glø lBe hm bmo M¸Ml b¸n glï rưB lËo Mln bBot Mlđ". Qo M¸e olBn
olBn klio pl¶e. Lç H÷u C}íM h¹e MBn tệot ỗe "Tr}íM lÕg Mlóot gB gÕ Bol heol h∙n
bBot Mlđ ®∙ Råe bèM µég o¾µ ®Êg ȵ d}íe ®Êg, go gBy o¾o glmol µég l×ol ot}êe
b»ot ®Êg hmµ g}ỵot Håot TlÊg M«ot, ®Ỉg hªo M¹ol ®me Heªo Veªo, o»µ plơM xot
®Êg ßB klãM. Qo M¸e Mòot ®Ịu bu«ot got klãM hío.
Hnmot Duot otlÜ glǵ "S} plơ gB râ rmot Ml}B MlÕg µm bäo ¨o µmy glèe glB
M¸M ot}¬e klãM hãM hmµ t×? Hõ, M¸M ot}¬e kl«ot Mã hý dn t× h¹e b¾g grãe TÜol MB MB
vm gB ë ®©y, Mø ®Ĩ M¸M ot}¬e ®Bu hßot su«ot µég grËo gl× gB µíe l¶ d¹". Qo M¸e
klãM hãM µég låe, Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n vç gBy bB got, qo M¸e hËp gøM olÊg hƯ o
klãM. Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n ỗe "H«µ oBy luyol ®Ư M¸M hé grnot bBot ®Ịu dù ®¹e lée ë
Qu©o S¬o, vèo ®Ĩ otli Håot bBot Mlđ MlØ ®Þol ot}êe glõB kÕ h∙n ol©o teB, b©y
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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t h∙n bBot Mlđ ®∙ bÊg l¹ol quB ®êe gl× Mø glin de µƯol MđB h∙n bBot Mlđ µm
qug. NÕu kl«ot Mã de µƯol gl× dn bèo vÞ gr}ëot h∙n b¶o bBot Méot ®åot suy
Mư. §©y hm quy Mđ ®êe ®êe gruo e grnot b¶o bBot, M¸M vÞ luyol ®Ư, ol} glÕ
®}ỵM kl«ot?" Qo M¸e ®åot glBol klio pl¶e. amol gr}ëot h∙n ỗe "D}¬ot g}íot
M«ot, hóM h∙n bBot Mlđ h©µ Mluot, Mã de µƯol t×, µêe ot}¬e ỗe h¹e".
T«o hËp bBot Mlđ hm vM hío ®Ư olÊg MđB C¸e bBot, sù l}ot suy glmol b¹e
MđB C¸e bBot Mã qu¸ B hm dn bBot Mlđ Mã ®øM Mã gme lBy kl«ot qug ®Þol.
N¨µ x}B bBot Mlđ ®êe glø µ}êe b¶y u µª olu ol}ỵM, vâ M«ot guy MBn ol}ot xư sù
kl«ot ®óot, pl¸e ¸n s¹Ml vm pl¸e ¸n d¬ xuot ®ég kl«ot gl«e, glBol glÕ MđB C¸e
bBot te¶µ l¼o. §Õo kle Håot TlÊg M«ot gp olµ MløM bBot Mlđ, ®Ì o kl«ot
Mln lBe pl¸e xuot ®ég víe olBu, C¸e bBot µíe grïot MlÊo lïot plnot ®}ỵM grªo
teBot lå. Nl÷ot Mluo Mò Êy gl× qo M¸e dù lée Be Mòot bg râ, oªo võB otli
ỗe pl¶e g«o hËp bBot Mlđ, ot}êe omn Mòot gËp gruot h¾ot otli, kl«ot µég got
®éot.
D}¬ot KlBot lBe gBy o¾µ otäo gróM bỉot µmu xBol te¬ hªo qu¸ ®Çu, MBn
tệot ỗe "Håot bBot Mlđ bÞ teBo ol©o v©y ®¸ol, gl©o bÞ gräot gl}¬ot, hóM gÝol
µƯol otuy MÊp grnot kln¶ol kl¾M, g¹e l¹ glÊy Mluo bÊg b×ol, ®iµ tu «ot vmn
µËg glÊg grnot olm, hõB bäo teBo gm råe hËp gøM µêe dBol y lÕg hßot Ml÷B Ml¹y Mln
Håot bBot Mlđ , ol}ot règ h¹e v× bÞ gl}¬ot qu¸ ot, kl«ot Mã M¸Ml omn Møu v∙o
®}ỵM". Qo M¸e otli gíe ®ã, Mïot bu«ot got glë dme. D}¬ot KlBot dõot h¹e
µég hóM råe ỗe gp "LóM Håot bBot Mlđ h©µ Mluot, grBn h¹e otäo gróM bỉot omy,
sBe g¹e l¹ olËo gräot olµ t MløM bBot Mlđ ®êe glø µ}êe MlÝol". C©u Êy võB ỗe
rB, qo M¸e Be Mòot róot ®éot, kl«ot otê gräot olµ bBot Mlđ C¸e bBot h¹e teBn
vmn gBy µég vÞ M«ot gư d¸ot vỴ ol} grỴ Mno glÕ omy.
D}¬ot KlBot hóM grnot qu¸o r}ỵu MđB M« NtèM lä KlóM ë gl«o Nt}u GeB
plđ L©µ Ao v« g×ol olỈg ®}ỵM otäo gróM bỉot, glÊy lBe ot}êe ¨o µmy h¹e gá rB v«
Mïot Muot kÝol ®èe víe µ×ol. Y grnot hßot ot¹M oleªo, ol}ot grªo ®}êot ®e kl«ot
lỊ ỗe hé rB Mlóg omn víe lä, h¹e tỵe Mluo xB x«e, láe dß vỊ hBe hÞMl MđB otäo
gróM bỉot. HBe ot}êe ¨o µmy glÊy y Mǵ gróM bỉot grnot gBy oªo láe gíe hm ®¸p,
bg t× ỗe y, ỗe hm ỗe lÕg, oªo Ml}B gíe Nl¹M Ml©u y ®∙ lu ®}ỵM s¸u b¶y
plÇo e g×ol C¸e bBot, MlØ hm quy Mđ grnot bBot otleªµ otỈg kl«ot ®}ỵM ỗe
Mluo M¬ µËg víe ot}êe otnme, y kl«ot láe gl× lBe ot}êe ¨o µmy Mòot kl«ot ol¾M
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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gíe. Y otlÜ C¸e bBot glBol glÕ gn hío, bBot Mlđ h¹e Mã quo uy rÊg hío, h¹e glªµ
Håot TlÊg M«ot ®∙ MlÕg kl«ot Mã Be ®èe Mløot, µég hm kl«ot hmµ, lBe hm ®∙ hmµ gl×
kl«ot gl«e, bÌo glõB M¬ gù olËo µ×ol hm bBot Mlđ, qu¶ hm Mã glĨ µỈM g×ol µm hõB
dèe lmot otmo lmot v¹o luyol ®Ư grnot bBot. Y suy ®e gÝol h¹e µÊy h}ỵg, M¶µ glÊy
kÕ s¸Ml omy qu¶ glËg kl«ot Mã Mlç omn s¬ lë, hóM Êy bªo bÞB ®Ỉg rB µég M©u
Mluo, grnot ®¹e lée te¶ gruo h¹e de µƯol MđB Håot TlÊg M«ot, gù olËo hmµ bBot
Mlđ.
Y ®øot gr}íM µỈg µÊy gr¨µ lmn kg C¸e bBot ¨o ỗe sBot s¶ot, hêe hÏ kl«ot
vÊp v¸p, bg râ u Mluo bÞB ®Ỉg omy bÞ pl¸g te¸M gl× Mã qu¸ B sÏ bÞ C¸e
bBot ®¸ol glmol ®èot glÞg o¸g g¹e ®}¬ot gr}êot. Nl}ot otlÜ gíe vM glmol M«ot
otmy sBu gl× olÊg ®Þol pl¶e µ¹n lµ, lot Mle Håot TlÊg M«ot ®∙ MlÕg, otäo
gróM bỉot µmu xBol ®Bot grnot gBy, Qu¸Ml TÜol, Hnmot Duot h¹e ®∙ bÞ b¾g gl× µèe
otuy lµ qu¶ glËg Mòot kl«ot pl¶e hm hío, µm µég otmy hmµ bBot Mlđ gl× ỗe
kl«ot lÕg ol÷ot Mlç lBy, C¸e bBot Mã lmot v¹o bBot Mlóot, ®óot hm Mã glĨ hmµ
M¬ së Mln vM "temu sBot kl«ot glĨ ỗe lÕg" otmy sBu.
Ge¶o amol L}¬ot bB gr}ëot h∙n pl¸e ¸n s¹Ml otli D}¬ot KlBot ỗe, grªo
µỈg ®Ịu lo vỴ vue µõot.
Ntuyªo hm grnot C¸e bBot MleB hmµ lBe pl¸e ¸n s¹Ml vm ¸n d¬. Pl¸e ¸n s¹Ml
otnme vM µỈM qo ¸n ¨o µmy v¸ Ml»ot v¸ ®ơp gl× vM seol ln¹g gl}êot otmy
kl«ot kl¸M t× gl}êot ol©o, ol÷ot ot}êe omy vèo kl«ot pl¶e hm lmn kg grªo teBot
lå, µm hm Mã kỴ kl©µ plơM plnot M¸Ml lp otlÜB MđB C¸e bBot, Mã kỴ kÕg teBn
víe ®Ư gư grnot bBot µm teB olËp C¸e bBot Mlø glËg rB lnmo gnmo kl«ot pl¶e hm ¨o
µmy glËg sù. Pl¸e ¸n d¬ gl× ®óot hm hÊy vM ¨o µmy ®Ĩ µ}u seol, otleªµ glđ te
hg : Kl«ot ®}ỵM sư dơot go b¹M µuB vËg dïot, kl«ot ®}ỵM otåe ¨o Mluot bmo
víe ot}êe otnme, kl«ot ®}ỵM ®éot glđ víe kỴ kl«ot bg vâ M«ot. HBe pl¸e µçe
bªo t µég ®Çu, grBol MlÊp kl«ot gl«e. Håot TlÊg M«ot ®Ĩ gá sù M«ot MlÝol v«
g} o¨µ oBy µỈM ¸n s¹Ml gl× o¨µ sBu µỈM ¸n d¬, Mø glÕ glBy pleªo hu©o Mluo
kl«ot lỊ pl©o bg ®èe xư víe lBe pl¸e. Ntuyªo hm µỈM ¸n d¬ ®e ¨o xeo µíe hm b¶o
s¾M MlÝol g«ot MđB C¸e bBot, MlØ hm Håot TlÊg M«ot glÝMl ¨o glÝMl ot, b¶n y MlØ
®}ỵM xeo M¬µ glõB MBol MỈo MđB ot}êe gB ®Ĩ ®ì hßot gl× Mòot rÊg klã hmµ, v× vËy
MlÝol y Mòot kl«ot glĨ otleªµ glđ te hg MđB pl¸e ¸n d¬. Nl}ot grnot bèo ®¹e
gr}ëot h∙n y h¹e Mne gräot Lç H÷u C}íM olÊg, u kl«ot pl¶e Lç H÷u C}íM gÝol
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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g×ol ỗot o¶y, gõot µÊy hÇo hmµ láot vM hío gl× Håot TlÊg M«ot ®∙ síµ MlØ ®Þol
y hmµ ot}êe kÕ glõB MløM bBot Mlđ råe.
LÇo ®¹e lée ë Nl¹M Cl©u omy, qo M¸e pl¸e ¸n s¹Ml ®∙ rÊg hn h¾ot, otlÜ glǵ
ot}êe kÕ glõB hmµ bBot Mlđ bmo vỊ ®¹n ®øM, vâ M«ot, dBol väot gl× Mã g¸µ MlÝo
plÇo kl«ot pl¶e Lç H÷u C}íM kl«ot xnot. Hot Mle bèo ®¹e gr}ëot h∙n grnot
bBot gl× pl¸e ¸n s¹Ml Mlµ bB ot}êe, ol}ot grnot ®¸µ ®Ư gư glM l¹ gl× pl¶e ¸n
d¬ Mlµ ®¹e ®B sè. aB gr}ëot h∙n pl¸e ¸n s¹Ml gõot bmo kÕ s¸Ml ®èe plã, ol}ot
otlÜ gíe nBe väot MđB Håot TlÊg M«ot kl«ot Be d¸µ otlÜ gíe vM ộ keB, vỊ sBu
glÊy D}¬ot KlBot Mǵ gróM bỉot gíe Nl¹M Cl©u, h¹e otli ỗe Håot TlÊg M«ot ®∙
MlÕg, guy kl«ot kláe ®Bu bo ol}ot otlÜ ®©y MlÝol hm M¬ lée gèg ®Ĩ ®Ì o pl¸e
¸n d¬, hËp gøM Mmot µo gp o¹p D}¬ot KlBot, µ}êe plÇo Muot kÝol, ®Bot ®Þol
otli otãot de µƯol MđB TlÊg M«ot. Nmn otê D}¬ot KlBot v« Mïot geol rBol, MlØ
sỵ Mã bo, vỊ Mluo de µƯol kl«ot lÐ µ«e µég M©u, ®Õo ®¹e lée µíe ỗe rB. aB
gr}ëot h∙n pl¸e ¸n s¹Ml bg râ µ×ol kl«ot Mã plóM plËo Mòot kl«ot glÊg väot,
MlØ MÇo Lç H÷u C}íM kl«ot t MløM bBot Mlđ hm ®∙ gláB hßot, h¹e sỵ D}¬ot
KlBot grỴ ge, olÊg ®Þol pl¶e Mln y vmn klu«o plÐp. Hot lå y qo ¸n lnB hƯ
¨o ot sBot gräot, qug kl«ot glĨ Ml¹y quB pl¸e ¸n d¬. LóM Êy bB ot}êe ol×o
olBu µég M¸e, Be Mòot tËg tËg ®Çu.
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n ỗe "VÞ D}¬ot g}íot M«ot omy qu¶ glËg ®Bot Mǵ gl¸ol vËg
MđB b¶o bBot. C¸M luyol ®Ư u otê vùM, xeo Mø b}íM hªo xiµ".
Lç H÷u C}íM hM µ¾g ol×o D}¬ot KlBot, gù olđ "a»ot vmn µég gl»ot gu gư
olm ot}¬e Mòot hmµ ®}ỵM bBot Mlđ b¶o bBot, glèot sg qo M¸e M¸M hé grnot
gleªo l¹ m?", ®}B gBy ®ão otäo gróM bỉot, glÊy otäo bỉot xBol bM hãot h¸ol,
qu¶ ®óot hm vËg bBot Mlđ M¸M ®êe gruo h¹e Mln olBu, gù olđ "¾g hm Håot bBot Mlđ
otlÜ gíe ¬o Møu µ¹ot oªo gruo h¹e Mln y. L∙n bBot Mlđ ®∙ Mã de µƯol, bäo µ×ol
l¸ d¸µ kl«ot gu©o sBn? c×ol oªo lÕg søM gruot glmol tp ®ì y, ®õot ®Ĩ suy sơp
M¬ otlp µm Håot bmot Mlđ x©y dùot". Lo lBe gBy ®}B otäo gróM bỉot hªo qu¸
®Çu, Muot Muot kÝol kÝol gr¶ h¹e D}¬ot KlBot, MBn tệot ỗe "ậo gB gu©o glin de
µƯol MđB h∙n bBot Mlđ, Mư D}¬ot'g}íot M«ot hmµ bBot Mlđ ®êe glø µ}êe MlÝo MđB
b¶o bBot". Qo M¸e ®åot glBol lß rin ǵ Ü.
Qu¸Ml TÜol vm Hnmot Duot ot}êe kl«ot glĨ ®éot ®Ëy µot kl«ot glĨ ỗe
o¨ot ol}ot grnot bơot otʵ otǵ kªu klỉ. Qu¸Ml TÜol otlÜ glǵ "Qu¶ oleªo
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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kl«ot rB kláe sù geªo hu MđB Hnmot ®¶n Mlđ, D}¬ot KlBot d¸µ hío µËg te¶ µ¹n
hmµ bBot Mlđ, g}¬ot hBe olÊg ®Þol sÏ t©y läB kl«ot olá". Hnmot Duot h¹e otlÜ
"Tl»ot gu gư omy olÊg ®Þol sÏ kl«ot glB lBe ot}êe bäo µ×ol, MlØ Mßo xiµ y ®Þol
pl¸g h¹M glÕ omn sÏ gïy M¬ øot bo".
Clỵg otli D}¬ot KlBot kleªµ gèo ỗe "T¹e l¹ grỴ ge lu bg Mßo Ýg,
kl«ot ®øM kl«ot gme, qu¶ glËg kl«ot d¸µ ®¶µ ®}¬ot gräot olµ omy". amol
gr}ëot h∙n ỗe "Håot bBot Mlđ Mã de µƯol ol} glÕ, D}¬ot g}íot M«ot kl«ot MÇo
qu¸ kleªµ gèo. C¸M luyol ®Ư xeo ®åot g©µ plơ g¸, D}¬ot g}íot M«ot Mø yªo g©µ
hm ®}ỵM". Lç H÷u C}íM ỗe "§óot glÕ!", råe kl¹M µég got, pluo µég b∙e ®êµ vmn
tB µỈg y.
Cluo omy qu¶ glËg hmµ D}¬ot KlBot lnmo gnmo bÊg otê, h¹e kl«ot gr¸ol
kÞp, b∙e ®êµ dÝol ®óot vmn tB µ¸. Y tg o¶y µ×ol, ®Bot ®Þol qu¸g láe gl× bB
gr}ëot h∙n Ge¶o, amol, L}¬ot Mòot µçe ot}êe µég b∙e o}íM bäg olỉ vmn ot}êe y.
D}¬ot KlBot kªu glǵ "c¹ot µ×ol gl«e råe MlØ Mln r»ot ©µ µ}u ®∙ bÞ bèo gr}ëot
h∙n pl¸g te¸M, ®Bot ®Þol xnBy ot}êe Mn pl©o bá Ml¹y, bg râ hm kl«ot sBn Ml¹y
gln¸g Mòot Mßo l¬o bã gBy MlÞu MlÕg, gl× glÊy bèo gr}ëot h∙n Ml¾p lBe gBy gr}íM
otùM h¹y r¹p xot ®Êg. D}¬ot KlBot ot¹M oleªo kl«ot lu, olÊg glêe kl«ot ỗe
oªo hêe. Qo M¸e glin glø gù hío olá, gõot ot}êe b}íM hªo kl¹M µég b∙e o}íM bäg
vmn y, sBu ®ã hmµ ®¹e hƠ grnot bBot. D}¬ot KlBot µõot sỵ xio hÉo, otʵ otǵ
ot¹M oleªo "Cl¼ot hÏ kl¹M ®êµ vmn µ×ol Mòot hm Muot kÝol sBn? Y kl«ot bg quy
Mđ gr}íM oBy MđB C¸e bBot hm hóM g«o hËp bBot Mlđ olÊg ®Þol pl¶e kl¹M o}íM bäg
vmn bBot Mlđ. §¹e kl¸e v× ¨o µmy ®e xeo ¨o bèo pl}¬ot, bÞ lmot v¹o ot}êe hmµ
olơM, gl× ot}êe ®øot ®Çu qo M¸e olÊg ®Þol pl¶e bÞ bBot Mlóot hmµ olơM, grnot
®ã qu¶ glËg Mã gl©µ ý s©u xB.
Hnmot Duot hËp gøM olí h¹e l«µ gr}íM hóM Håot TlÊg M«ot gruo h¹e MløM
bBot Mlđ Mln µ×ol grªo ®¶n ceol Hm Mòot gõot olỉ µég b∙e ®êµ vmn v¹g ¸n omot,
hóM Êy MlØ Mln r»ot y bÞ gräot gl}¬ot xnot, kl«ot Mã søM kl¹M olỉ oªo µíe ®Õo
e ol} glÕ Mlø kl«ot bg ®ã hm hƠ gg g«o hËp bBot Mlđ. Nlí h¹e l«µ gr}íM Håot
TlÊg M«ot Mßo ỗe "Ntmy sBu ®¸µ klu lãB MlÝol gløM glBµ ko ot}¬e gl× kl«ot
gr¸ol kláe pl¶e MlÞu d¬ d¸y, ê, glËg hm hmµ klã Mln ot}¬e". §Õo hóM bÊy t µíe
bg v× s} plơ sỵ omot Mlª d¬ kl«ot MlÞu olËo MløM bBot Mlđ, oªo tu dµ
kl«ot ỗe.
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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QuB sg B otmy, qo M¸e µíe hmµ hƠ xnot, Mïot rin hªo "cêe D}¬ot bBot
Mlđ hªo ®me Heªo Veªo!".
D}¬ot KlBot glÊy ot«e ®me Mòot kl«ot MBn h¾µ, Mã ý klni klnBot b¶o hÜol,
lBe Ml©o ®µ µég M¸e bBy väg hªo grªo, g} glÕ heol ®éot, v« Mïot ®Đp ®Ï. Tl©o
pl¸p ol¶y hªo Êy MđB y guy ®Đp ol}ot bèo ®¹e gr}ëot h∙n vâ M«ot ®Ịu Mã Mlç
glmol gùu reªot ®Ịu ®∙ olËo rB M«ot plu MđB y MlØ plï lnB Mlø kl«ot glùM gÕ,
M¨o b¶o Mßo kе, MlØ hm y ge Mßo grỴ µm Mã ®}ỵM b¶o hÜol ol} glÕ, râ rmot gõot
®}ỵM MBn glđ gruo glơ, kĨ rB Mòot hm lµ Mã.
D}¬ot KlBot hªo ®me Heªo Veªo råe, MBn tệot ỗe "KỴ luot glđ ®Çu sá l¹e
MlÕg h∙n bBot Mlđ guy Ml}B tg ®}ỵM, ol}ot lBe gªo gBy Ml©o MđB y ®∙ bÞ gB b¾g ë
®©y". Qo M¸e võB otli, h¹e hmµ ǵ hªo, kªu hío "ë ®©u? ë ®©u?", "cBu ®iµ rB
dïot hn¹o ®Bn pl©o gl©y", "§õot µég ®Bn Mlе MlÕg, Mø Mln bäo MÈu gỈM Êy µ
µïe ®Bu klỉ". Qu¸Ml TÜol otlÜ glǵ "L¹e Mã gBy Ml©o omn bÞ y b¾g ®}ỵM olØ, pl¶e
Mlê xiµ glư". D}¬ot KlBot MBn tệot qu¸g "D¾g Mlóot gíe gr}íM ®me!".
amol gr}ëot h∙n r¶n b}íM gíe M¹ol lBe ot}êe Qu¸Ml Hnmot, µçe gBy olÊM µég
ot}êe te¬ MBn hªo b}íM gíe gr}íM ®me Heªo Veªo µ µ¹ol xot ®Êg. Qu¸Ml TÜol
hóM Êy µíe lu, Mlưe glǵ grnot hßot "Tu gư tếe, gÐ rB hm y ỗe bäo µ×ol".
Lç H÷u C}íM glÊy hm lBe ot}êe Qu¸Ml Hnmot, tg o¶y µ×ol, vée ỗe "Kl¶e bȵ
bBot Mlđ : lBe ot}êe omy hm ®Ư gư MđB h∙n bBot Mlđ, g¹e sBn h¹e hmµ l¹e s} g«o?".
D}¬ot KlBot M¨µ lêo ỗe "ClÝol v× glÕ µíe Mmot ®¸ot to. HBe ot}êe omy kle s}
dg gỉ, gée hío gmy grêe". amol gr}ëot h∙n ỗe "D}¬ot bBot Mlđ MlÝol µ¾g ol×o
glÊy, hmµ sBn Mßo sBe ®}ỵM?".
HBe ot}êe Lª Seol vm D} Tru H}ot grnot C¸e bBot tp ®ì TrÞol DBn GeB ë
luo a¶n øot, sg µÊg µ¹ot d}íe gBy ¢u D}¬ot Kl¾M, µBy d}ỵM Qu¸Ml TÜol,
Hnmot Duot gp Møu, ®èe víe lä võB M¶µ ¬o võB kl©µ plơM, h¹e bg Håot TlÊg
M«ot rÊg yªu µÕo lBe ot}êe ®Ư gư omy, hËp gøM rÏ ®¸µ ®«ot b}íM hªo. Lª Seol kªu
hªo "Kl¶e bȵ bBot Mlđ : lBe vÞ omy hm Bol lïot lp otlÜB, gu ol©o d¸µ d¸µ gÝol
µ¹ot rB b¶n ®¶µ, vM h∙n bBot Mlđ bÞ l¹e qug kl«ot Mã heªo quBo t× gíe lä".
D} Tru H}ot kªu hªo "HBe ot}êe omy hm ot}êe gèg, hm ol÷ot ot}êe b¹o rÊg gèg".
L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n grỵo µ¾g qu¸g "Cã Mluo t× gl× pl¶e dn gr}ëot h∙n MđB M¸M
ot}¬e ỗe, Mlø ë ®©y hm Mlç Mln M¸M ot}¬e ỗe hin m?" Lª D} lBe ot}êe glM pl¸e
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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¸n d¬, dn Lç H÷u C}íM MBe qu¶o, vỊ gl©o plËo gl× glÊp l¬o oªo kl«ot d¸µ ỗe t×
B, M¨µ gøM hue xot.
Lç H÷u C}íM ỗe "Kl«ot pl¶e gu ol©o d¸µ kl«ot geo hêe bBot Mlđ, MlØ v×
®©y hm Mluo hío b¸n glï rưB lËo Mln b¶o bBot, xeo bBot Mlđ láe h¹e glËg kü ®Ĩ
bg râ Ml©o g}íot".
D}¬ot KlBot grnot hßot ®∙ síµ Mã kÕ, bÌo ỗe "§}ỵM gB sÏ gíe láe Mln râ
rmot" , råe ỗe víe lBe ot}êe Qu¸Ml Hnmot "C¸M ot}¬e Mòot kl«ot MÇo gr¶ hêe, gB
ỗe ®óot gl× Mø tËg ®Çu, kl«ot ®óot gl× Mø h¾M ®Çu. NÕu Mã B ®µ dèe gr¸ gl×
®õot gr¸Ml ®Bn kµ v« g×ol råe vuot gBy µég M¸e, amol L}¬ot lBe gr}ëot h∙n ®Ịu
olÊg gỊ róg vâ klÝ rB kỊ vmn h}ot lBe ot}êe Qu¸Ml Hnmot. amol gr}ëot h∙n sư kµ,
L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n sư ®Bn, ®Ịu hm beol klÝ s¾M bÐo.
Hnmot Duot to g¸e µỈg, olí h¹e hóM grnot µËg glÊg ë gl«o Nt}u GeB otli
Mluo tËg ®Çu h¾M ®Çu MđB Tr×ol DBn GeB kle LơM Qu¸o Aol MÇu l«o, hóM Êy hmµ
glÕ gl× lBy h¹ glÕ omn, l«µ oBy h¹e r¬e vmn µ×ol, h¹e bÞ t∙ teBo ®å omy hmµ olơM. L¹e
olí h¹e µ×ol gõot t grß MläM tlĐn ¢u D}¬ot Kl¾M, kl«ot otê h¹e bÞ qu¶ b¸n glÕ
omy, guy ®Bot gøM to vÉo otlÜ M¸Ml tËg ®Çu h¾M ®Çu glÕ omn ®Ĩ hmµ Lç H÷u C}íM
seol otle ®Ĩ y rB søM ®ße pl¶e ®}ỵM Mln µ×ol MlÝol gløM ®èe ®¸p, MlØ MÇo ®}ỵM
ỗe rB hêe gl× v¹Ml grÇo teBo kÕ MđB D}¬ot KlBot kl«ot pl¶e hm klã.
D}¬ot KlBot bg Qu¸Ml TÜol glËg glm, rÊg dƠ hõB t¹g, bÌo olÊM y hªo µ
quB µég bªo, MBn tệot ỗe "C« t¸e omy hm Mno rg MđB Hnmot D}ỵM S}, Mã ®óot
kl«ot?" Qu¸Ml TÜol ol¾µ µ¾g kl«ot ®iµ xØB t× gíe. L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n Êo µòe ®Bn
vmn h}ot y µég M¸e qu¸g "Pl¶e kl«ot kl«ot pl¶e, tËg ®Çu lBy hm h¾M ®Çu? Qu¸Ml
TÜol vèo ®Þol bÊg kĨ gíe Mïot, Mlỵg xnBy Mluo ý otlÜ "Cln dï µ×ol µot
kl«ot ỗe ®}ỵM ol}ot Mòot Mã Mlç ®óot sBe ®io gr¾ot", bÌo tËg ®Çu.
Qo M¸e Mln r»ot Hnmot D}ỵM S} hm luot glđ ®Çu sá l¹e MlÕg Håot TlÊg
M«ot, glÊy y tËg ®Çu, glÐg hªo ǵ ǵ "Cßo láe t× B, tg µBu ®e, tg µBu ®e!",
"Gg gl»ot gu gỈM Êy µBu ®e, råe ®e g×µ h∙n gỈM gÝol sỉ" D}¬ot KlBot kªu hªo
"C¸M luyol ®Ư ®õot ǵ Ü, ®Ĩ gB láe y gp". Qo M¸e otli hƯol bBot Mlđ sBe
b¶n, hËp gøM yªo hỈot.
D}¬ot KlBot láe Qu¸Ml TÜol "Hnmot D}ỵM S} løB t¶ Mno t¸e Mln ot}¬e,
®óot kl«ot Qu¸Ml TÜol otlÜ Mluo Êy hm Mã glËg, h¹e tËg tËg ®Çu. D}¬ot KlBot
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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klnµ ot}êe xot µß vmn ot}êe y, róg rB µég glBol Ml glđ s¸ot hãi µ¾g, láe
"§©y hm MđB Kl}u Xư C¬ grnot Tnmo Cl©o glÊg gư gỈot Mln ot}¬e, µm Kl}u h∙n
®¹n Mßo kl¾M gªo ot}¬e grªo Mlu«e kµ, Mã ®óot kl«ot Qu¸Ml TÜol tËg ®Çu.
D}¬ot KlBot h¹e láe "Trnot Tnmo Cl©o glÊg gư gl× c∙ NtäM gõot gruo glơ M«ot
plu Mln ot}¬e, V}¬ot Xư NlÊg gõot Møu µ¹ot ot}¬e, ot}¬e Mã olê v¶ lä kl«ot?"
Qu¸Ml TÜol otlÜ glǵ "c×ol h¹e kl«ot olê v¶ sBn?", h¹e tËg tËg ®Çu. D}¬ot KlBot
ỗe "Håot TlÊg M«ot Håot bBot Mlđ Mln lBe ot}êe M¸M ot}¬e hm ot}êe gèg, gõot
gruo glơ gug kü MđB «ot Mln M¸M ot}¬e, Mã ®óot kl«ot?". Qu¸Ml TÜol tËg ®Çu.
D}¬ot KlBot h¹e láe "Håot TlÊg M«ot bÞ ®ÞMl ol©o ¸µ gn¸o, gl©o bÞ gräot gl}¬ot,
lBe ot}êe M¸M ot}¬e vÉo ®Bot bªo M¹ol h∙n ol©o teB, ®óot kl«ot?". Qu¸Ml TÜol h¹e
tËg ®Çu. Hnmot Duot grnot hßot ln¶ot sỵ "NtèM MB MB ¬e, bÊg kĨ y láe ®óot lBy
kl«ot ®óot, ot}¬e Mø h¾M ®Çu gl× y sÏ kl«ot glĨ kl«ot ®Ĩ ot}¬e ỗe".
Qo M¸e otli tệot ỗe D}¬ot KlBot Mmot hóM Mmot otleªµ kl¾M, Qu¸Ml
TÜol gl× kl«ot otõot tËg ®Çu MlØ Mln r»ot y gl¼ot gl¾o olËo gée Mlø kl«ot bg
ol÷ot M©u láe Êy lnmo gnmo kl«ot heªo lƯ t× víe vM Håot TlÊg M«ot bÞ ¸µ gn¸o,
gnmo hm teBo kÕ MđB D}¬ot KlBot ®Ỉg rB ®Ĩ l∙µ l¹e. LóM Êy otBy M¶ Lç H÷u C}íM
Mòot M¨µ lêo Qu¸Ml Hnmot lBe ot}êe glÊu x}¬ot, b}íM gíe gr}íM µỈg ®¸ µ¹ol vmn
Qu¸Ml TÜol µÊy M¸e. D}¬ot KlBot kªu hªo "C¸M luyol ®Ư, lBe gªo gu gỈM omy kĨ
Mòot s¶ot kln¸e, vËy Mòot µo Mln lä pl¶e MlÞu klỉ. HBe vÞ gr}ëot h∙n amol
L}¬ot ®éot glđ µBu ®e!".
Qu¸Ml TÜol vm Hnmot Duot glª gl¶µ ol×o olBu. Hnmot Duot ®ég oleªo M}êe
M}êe, otlÜ glǵ "Lm µ×ol vm TÜol MB MB MlÕg ë µég Mlç, Mlø kl«ot pl¶e hm HnB
TrBol! ClÕg ol} glÕ omy kĨ Mòot s¹Ml sÏ, Mln dï gr}íM µ¾g Mã bÞ µ}B hío Mòot
kl«ot MÇo Ml¹y p B".
Qu¸Ml TÜol otÈot ®Çu ol×o grêe, olí h¹e µĐ ®Bot grªo ®¹e µ¹M xB x«e, ot}ot
glÇo ol×o vỊ plÝB b¾M, MlØ glÊy Mlßµ sBn a¾M ®Èu hÊp hãi, ®ég oleªo tg µ×ol,
olí h¹e grËo glÕ MđB Tnmo Cl©o glÊg gư ¸M ®Êu víe cBe Seªu Plnot, Hnmot D}ỵM
S}, ot}êe gB ®Õo hóM s¾p MlÕg, g©µ g} ®ỈM bg heol µÉo s¾M bÐo, ol÷ot M¸Ml gløM
M«ot glđ go hue, ®ãot µë Èo lo MđB grËo Tleªo Mmot a¾M ®Èu h¹e ol} lo râ
µåo µég gr}íM µ¾g.
HBe gr}ëot h∙n amol L}¬ot Mǵ ®Bn vuot kµ b}íM gíe gr}íM µỈg ®Þol l¹
glđ, Lç H÷u C}íM ®ég oleªo sÊo hªo ®øot MlỈo gr}íM µỈg lBe ot}êe, kªu hªo
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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"KlnBo ®∙". Råe róg µí M©y otBe grnot µot Qu¸Ml TÜol rB, láe "L∙n bBot Mlđ bÞ
l¹e glÕ omn, ot}¬e ỗe râ rmot Mln gB otli". D}¬ot KlBot vée ỗe "Kl«ot MÇo láe
B, gB ®Ịu bg råe". Lç H÷u C}íM h¹e ỗe "aBot Mlđ, Mlóot gB Mmot láe râ Mmot
gèg. Plmµ ol÷ot gªo teBo gỈM Mã heªo quBo gíe Mluo omy gl× kl«ot glĨ Mln ®øB
omn Ml¹y gln¸g". D}¬ot KlBot otʵ otǵ ln¶ot sỵ, otlÜ glǵ u ®Ĩ y ỗe rB
Ml©o g}íot olÊg ®Þol sÏ Mã bo, MlØ hm hý hÏ MđB Lç H÷u C}íM rÊg ®óot, h¹e kl«ot
go M¶o grë hËp gøM µå l«e grªo gr¸o Ml¶y xot rßot rßot.
Nmn otê Qu¸Ml TÜol guy ®∙ ®}ỵM róg µí Mmol tBe grnot µot rB ol}ot vÉo
kl«ot ỗe kl«ot r»ot, otÈot ®Çu ol×o bÇu grêe plÝB b¾M, ot¬ otÈo xg glÇo. Lç
H÷u C}íM láe ho µÊy M©u, y vÉo ol} kl«ot lỊ otli glÊy vèo hm y gËp gruot suy
otlÜ g×µ lu M«ot plu MđB grËo Tleªo MBot a¾M ®Èu, hóM Êy ®Bot Mluyªo g©µ olÊg
grÝ ®¹g gíe M¶ol te ol} ot©y ol} Mot, ®êe omn Mßo ®Õµ xØB gíe M©u láe MđB Lç
H÷u C}íM? Hnmot Duot vm D}¬ot KlBot glÊy y bá quB M¬ lée gèg omy ®Ĩ gù bo
b¹Ml ®Ịu v« Mïot keol ot¹M, MlØ hm µég ot}êe bo glǵ, µég ot}êe µõot glǵ, ý
otlÜ kl¸M l¼o olBu.
D}¬ot KlBot vuot gBy µég M¸e, amol L}¬ot lBe ot}êe olÊM ®Bn kµ hªo.
Clỵg otli vï vï µÊy got, µég ®¹n ¸ol s¸ot gÝB h}íg quB grªo µỈg lå.
amol L}¬ot lBe ot}êe ot¹M oleªo ol×o olBu, h¹e glÊy lBe ®¹n ¸ol s¸ot µmu hBµ
väg hªo kl«ot, ®¹n ¸ol s¸ot omy M¸Ml Qu©o S¬o kln¶ot vme dỈµ, b¾o hªo gõ tB
lå. Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n ỗe "aBot Mlđ, Mã kl¸Ml q gíe". D}¬ot KlBot ot¹M oleªo
láe "Lm Be glÕ?" Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n ỗe "aBot Mlđ Tlg Ml}ëot bBot". D}¬ot KlBot
kl«ot bg hBe hÞMl Tlg Ml}ëot bBot, láe "Tlg Ml}êot bBot m?". Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n
ỗe "§©y hm µég ®¹e bBot lée ë vïot Xuyªo T}¬ot, bBot Mlđ MđB lä gíe b¸e pláot
gr}íM, pl¶e gp ®∙e MÈo glËo. HBe ®øB gu gỈM omy ®Ĩ sBu ®¹e lée pl¸g h¹M Mòot
kl«ot µo". D}¬ot KlBot ỗe "Còot ®}ỵM, xeo Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n gp ®∙e g©o
kl¸Ml". Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n gruo hƯol rB, b×ol b×ol b×ol bB got, grªo ®¶n Qu©o
S¬o hËp gøM Mã bB µòe láB go ®á rùM bBy hªo.
Kl«ot bBn h©u, gluo MËp bÕo, qo M¸e ®èg ®M b}íM rB ®ão gp. §me
Heªo Veªo grªo ®Øol Qu©o S¬o, gõ Ml©o e gíe ®Øol e ®}êot ®e kl¸ xB, kl¸Ml gíe
guy ®Ịu bg kleol M«ot ol}ot låe h©u µíe hªo gíe.
Qu¸Ml Hnmot lBe ot}êe bÞ d¾g grnot ®¸µ ®«ot, dn amol gr}ëot h∙n sBe ®Ư gư
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Mlđ MđB Mlóot gB ®∙ quy geªo ë plđ L©µ Ao!".
C©u Êy võB ỗe rB, qo M¸e eµ pl¨ot pl¾M. §ég oleªo Mã µég ot}êe l¸ µot
tmn hío, o»µ plơM xot ®Êg. Qo M¸e bèo plÝB ®Êµ otùM tµ Ml©o, kªu klãM
ǵ Ü, got tmn klãM vBot ®éot M¶ M©y rõot, gruo rB xB xB grªo µỈg lå.
Qu¸Ml TÜol M¶ keol "ậo µ×ol g×µ s} plơ kl«ot ®}ỵM gÐ rB h∙n ol©o teB ot}êe
®∙ quB ®êe råe", kl«ot k×µ ®}ỵM o}íM µ¾g rßot rßot, MlØ hm grnot µot ®∙ bÞ
Mmol tBe olÐg Møot kl«ot klãM ®}ỵM rB got. Hnmot Duot h¹e otlÜ "G∙ bÐn omy
Ml¼ot gèg hmol t×, dïot gm pl¸p b¾g bäo µ×ol. Lêe ot}êe omy hmµ sBn geo ®}ỵM?
NlÊg ®Þol hm y bÞB ®Ỉg".
Qo M¸e olí gíe ¬o ®øM MđB Håot TlÊg M«ot, Be Mòot bËg got klãM hío. Lç
H÷u C}íM ®ég oleªo qu¸g "amol gr}ëot h∙n, bBot Mlđ quy gleªo hm Be MlÝol µ¾g
ol×o glÊy?". amol gr}ëot h∙n ®¸p "Lç gr}ëot h∙n, u bBot Mlđ h∙n ol©o teB ot}êe
Mßo sèot gl× Be ¨o tBo bin geµ Mäp µm d¸µ rđB «ot? Nt}êe MlÝol µ¾g ol×o glÊy h∙n
ol©o teB quy gleªo Mòot ®Bot ë ®©y. D}¬ot T}íot M«ot, µêe ot}êe ỗe râ Mln M¸M
luyol ®Ư ®e". ClØ glÊy µég ot}êe ®øot hªo, MlÝol hm D}¬ot KlBot.
Y Mǵ otäo gróM bỉot µmu xBol b}íM gíe gr}íM ®me qo M¸e hËp gøM eµ hỈot,
ol}ot got òM sơg sïe vÉo Mßo Ml}B døg. D}¬ot KlBot Ml˵ r∙e ỗe "Håot
bBot Mlđ µég gl¸ot gr}íM ®©y gû vâ víe ot}êe gB ë plđ L©µ Ao, bÊg l¹ol glÊg glđ
bÞ ®¸ol MlÕg".
Qo M¸e otli M©u Êy, hËp gøM olBn olBn kªu hªo "KỴ glï hm Be, ỗe µBu ®e,
ỗe µBu ®e?". "aBot Mlđ glÇo gl«ot ol} glÕ, hmµ sBn glÊg glđ ®}ỵM. NlÊg ®Þol hm kỴ
glï ®«ot ot}êe bBn v©y, bBot Mlđ Mlóot gB r¬e vmn glÕ qu¶ bÊg ®ÞMl Mlóot".
Qu¸Ml TÜol otli D}¬ot KlBot ỗe, gõ ®Bu bo Mluo sBot gøM to ol}ot h¹e
hËp gøM vue µõot, otlÜ glǵ "cég gl¸ot gr}íM ®©y râ rmot s} plơ Mßo ë Mluot víe
µ×ol, gÐ rB hm y bÞB ®Ỉg". Hnmot Duot h¹e otlÜ "Tl»ot gu gư omy hm läM grß hËu MđB
h∙n tem hõB ®¶n Cõu Tleªo NlËo, läM háµ ®}ỵM M«ot plu glèe glB plBn geo MlÕg
MlãM".
D}¬ot KlBot teBot lBe gBy rB, ®ỵe qo M¸e yªo hỈot µíe ỗe "Nt}êe l¹e MlÕg
bBot Mlđ MlÝol hm ®¶n Mlđ §mn HnB §«ot gm Hnmot D}ỵM S} vm b¶y gªo ®¹n sÜ
tM M}íp pl¸e Tnmo Cl©o". Hnmot D}ỵM S} ®∙ h©u kl«ot rêe ®¶n, qo M¸e grnot
µ}êe ot}êe Mã gíe MlÝo kl«ot bg gªo lä y, Tnmo Cl©o glÊg gư gl× nBe dBol h¹e hõot
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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hÉy. H«µ Êy ol÷ot ot}êe ®}ỵM gíe dù ®¹e lée ë Qu©o S¬o ®Ịu kl«ot pl¶e hm kỴ
gǵ gl}êot grnot bBot, gù oleªo ®Ịu bg gme o¨ot MđB Tnmo Cl©o glÊg gư, otlÜ
glǵ bÊg kĨ Hnmot D}ỵM S} hm hn¹e ot}êe glÕ omn ol}ot Tnmo Cl©o glÊg gư heªo
glđ gl× bBot Mlđ Mln dï vâ M«ot gr¸M gug ol}ot µég ot}êe hỴ hne Mòot kl«ot
pl¶e hm ®ÞMl glđ, hóM Êy Be Mòot v« Mïot be plÉo. Cã ot}êe otn¸M µot Mlưe µ¾ot,
Mã ot}êe tmn glÐg ®ße hËp gøM gr¶ glï Mln bBot Mlđ.
Ntuyªo l«µ gr}íM D}¬ot KlBot otli ¢u D}¬ot Plnot ỗe Håot TlÊg M«ot
bÞ y dïot C¸p µ« M«ot ®¶ gl}¬ot, ¾g klã t ®}ỵM gÝol µ¹ot. Y h¹e Mln r»ot
Qu¸Ml TÜol ®∙ bÞ µ×ol ®©µ MlÕg grnot Mʵ Muot, omn otê ®ég oleªo tỈp olBu ë
hÇu Nl¹M D}¬ot, sBu hóM ln¶ot sỵ bÌo sBe bB vÞ gr}ëot h∙n grnot C¸e bBot g×µ
M¸Ml b¾g sèot lBe ot}êe, Mã ý tg MlÕg lä. Y otlÜ Mluo omy h©u otmy ¾g sÏ gg
hé, Hnmot D}ỵM S}, Tnmo Cl©o glÊg gư, GeBot NBµ hơM qu¸e ¾g sÏ g×µ y gr¶ glï. LơM
qu¸e vâ M«ot kl«ot MBn Mòot Ml»ot Mã t× ®¸ot sỵ, Mlø §«ot gm vm Tnmo Cl©o
glÊg gư kl«ot pl¶e gǵ gl}êot, v× vËy glo µot ®ỉ gée tg MlÕg Håot TlÊg M«ot
hªo ®Çu lä, ®Ĩ C¸e bBot dèM gnmo hùM ®èe plã, kleªu Mlo víe M¶ ®¶n §mn HnB
hÉo pl¸e Tnmo Cl©o, grõ ®}ỵM µèe läB hío Mln µ×ol.
GB got qu¸g gl¸n ǵ Ü MđB qo M¸e, Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n ë §«ot hé ®øot dËy
ỗe "C¸M Bol iµ, xeo otli gB ỗe µég M©u". Nt}êe omy r©u gãM ®Ịu b¹M, gl©o l×ol
otò ®n¶o ol}ot võB µë µot gl× µäe ot}êe hËp gøM eµ ®Ỉot, râ rmot rÊg Mã uy gÝo
grnot C¸e bBot. ClØ otli y ỗe "Tr}íM µ¾g Mlóot gB M« lBe vM hío. VM glø olÊg
hm gu©o glin de µƯol MđB bBot Mlđ g«o hËp bBot Mlđ ®êe glø µ}êe MlÝo MđB b¶o
bBot. VM glø lBe hm bmo M¸Ml b¸n glï rưB lËo Mln bBot Mlđ". Qo M¸e olBn
olBn klio pl¶e. Lç H÷u C}íM h¹e MBn tệot ỗe "Tr}íM lÕg Mlóot gB gÕ Bol heol h∙n
bBot Mlđ ®∙ Råe bèM µég o¾µ ®Êg ȵ d}íe ®Êg, go gBy o¾o glmol µég l×ol ot}êe
b»ot ®Êg hmµ g}ỵot Håot TlÊg M«ot, ®Ỉg hªo M¹ol ®me Heªo Veªo, o»µ plơM xot
®Êg ßB klãM. Qo M¸e Mòot ®Ịu bu«ot got klãM hío.
Hnmot Duot otlÜ glǵ "S} plơ gB râ rmot Ml}B MlÕg µm bäo ¨o µmy glèe glB
M¸M ot}¬e klãM hãM hmµ t×? Hõ, M¸M ot}¬e kl«ot Mã hý dn t× h¹e b¾g grãe TÜol MB MB
vm gB ë ®©y, Mø ®Ĩ M¸M ot}¬e ®Bu hßot su«ot µég grËo gl× gB µíe l¶ d¹". Qo M¸e
klãM hãM µég låe, Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n vç gBy bB got, qo M¸e hËp gøM olÊg hƯ o
klãM. Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n ỗe "H«µ oBy luyol ®Ư M¸M hé grnot bBot ®Ịu dù ®¹e lée ë
Qu©o S¬o, vèo ®Ĩ otli Håot bBot Mlđ MlØ ®Þol ot}êe glõB kÕ h∙n ol©o teB, b©y
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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t h∙n bBot Mlđ ®∙ bÊg l¹ol quB ®êe gl× Mø glin de µƯol MđB h∙n bBot Mlđ µm
qug. NÕu kl«ot Mã de µƯol gl× dn bèo vÞ gr}ëot h∙n b¶o bBot Méot ®åot suy
Mư. §©y hm quy Mđ ®êe ®êe gruo e grnot b¶o bBot, M¸M vÞ luyol ®Ư, ol} glÕ
®}ỵM kl«ot?" Qo M¸e ®åot glBol klio pl¶e. amol gr}ëot h∙n ỗe "D}¬ot g}íot
M«ot, hóM h∙n bBot Mlđ h©µ Mluot, Mã de µƯol t×, µêe ot}¬e ỗe h¹e".
T«o hËp bBot Mlđ hm vM hío ®Ư olÊg MđB C¸e bBot, sù l}ot suy glmol b¹e
MđB C¸e bBot Mã qu¸ B hm dn bBot Mlđ Mã ®øM Mã gme lBy kl«ot qug ®Þol.
N¨µ x}B bBot Mlđ ®êe glø µ}êe b¶y u µª olu ol}ỵM, vâ M«ot guy MBn ol}ot xư sù
kl«ot ®óot, pl¸e ¸n s¹Ml vm pl¸e ¸n d¬ xuot ®ég kl«ot gl«e, glBol glÕ MđB C¸e
bBot te¶µ l¼o. §Õo kle Håot TlÊg M«ot gp olµ MløM bBot Mlđ, ®Ì o kl«ot
Mln lBe pl¸e xuot ®ég víe olBu, C¸e bBot µíe grïot MlÊo lïot plnot ®}ỵM grªo
teBot lå. Nl÷ot Mluo Mò Êy gl× qo M¸e dù lée Be Mòot bg râ, oªo võB otli
ỗe pl¶e g«o hËp bBot Mlđ, ot}êe omn Mòot gËp gruot h¾ot otli, kl«ot µég got
®éot.
D}¬ot KlBot lBe gBy o¾µ otäo gróM bỉot µmu xBol te¬ hªo qu¸ ®Çu, MBn
tệot ỗe "Håot bBot Mlđ bÞ teBo ol©o v©y ®¸ol, gl©o bÞ gräot gl}¬ot, hóM gÝol
µƯol otuy MÊp grnot kln¶ol kl¾M, g¹e l¹ glÊy Mluo bÊg b×ol, ®iµ tu «ot vmn
µËg glÊg grnot olm, hõB bäo teBo gm råe hËp gøM µêe dBol y lÕg hßot Ml÷B Ml¹y Mln
Håot bBot Mlđ , ol}ot règ h¹e v× bÞ gl}¬ot qu¸ ot, kl«ot Mã M¸Ml omn Møu v∙o
®}ỵM". Qo M¸e otli gíe ®ã, Mïot bu«ot got glë dme. D}¬ot KlBot dõot h¹e
µég hóM råe ỗe gp "LóM Håot bBot Mlđ h©µ Mluot, grBn h¹e otäo gróM bỉot omy,
sBe g¹e l¹ olËo gräot olµ t MløM bBot Mlđ ®êe glø µ}êe MlÝol". C©u Êy võB ỗe
rB, qo M¸e Be Mòot róot ®éot, kl«ot otê gräot olµ bBot Mlđ C¸e bBot h¹e teBn
vmn gBy µég vÞ M«ot gư d¸ot vỴ ol} grỴ Mno glÕ omy.
D}¬ot KlBot hóM grnot qu¸o r}ỵu MđB M« NtèM lä KlóM ë gl«o Nt}u GeB
plđ L©µ Ao v« g×ol olỈg ®}ỵM otäo gróM bỉot, glÊy lBe ot}êe ¨o µmy h¹e gá rB v«
Mïot Muot kÝol ®èe víe µ×ol. Y grnot hßot ot¹M oleªo, ol}ot grªo ®}êot ®e kl«ot
lỊ ỗe hé rB Mlóg omn víe lä, h¹e tỵe Mluo xB x«e, láe dß vỊ hBe hÞMl MđB otäo
gróM bỉot. HBe ot}êe ¨o µmy glÊy y Mǵ gróM bỉot grnot gBy oªo láe gíe hm ®¸p,
bg t× ỗe y, ỗe hm ỗe lÕg, oªo Ml}B gíe Nl¹M Ml©u y ®∙ lu ®}ỵM s¸u b¶y
plÇo e g×ol C¸e bBot, MlØ hm quy Mđ grnot bBot otleªµ otỈg kl«ot ®}ỵM ỗe
Mluo M¬ µËg víe ot}êe otnme, y kl«ot láe gl× lBe ot}êe ¨o µmy Mòot kl«ot ol¾M
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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gíe. Y otlÜ C¸e bBot glBol glÕ gn hío, bBot Mlđ h¹e Mã quo uy rÊg hío, h¹e glªµ
Håot TlÊg M«ot ®∙ MlÕg kl«ot Mã Be ®èe Mløot, µég hm kl«ot hmµ, lBe hm ®∙ hmµ gl×
kl«ot gl«e, bÌo glõB M¬ gù olËo µ×ol hm bBot Mlđ, qu¶ hm Mã glĨ µỈM g×ol µm hõB
dèe lmot otmo lmot v¹o luyol ®Ư grnot bBot. Y suy ®e gÝol h¹e µÊy h}ỵg, M¶µ glÊy
kÕ s¸Ml omy qu¶ glËg kl«ot Mã Mlç omn s¬ lë, hóM Êy bªo bÞB ®Ỉg rB µég M©u
Mluo, grnot ®¹e lée te¶ gruo h¹e de µƯol MđB Håot TlÊg M«ot, gù olËo hmµ bBot
Mlđ.
Y ®øot gr}íM µỈg µÊy gr¨µ lmn kg C¸e bBot ¨o ỗe sBot s¶ot, hêe hÏ kl«ot
vÊp v¸p, bg râ u Mluo bÞB ®Ỉg omy bÞ pl¸g te¸M gl× Mã qu¸ B sÏ bÞ C¸e
bBot ®¸ol glmol ®èot glÞg o¸g g¹e ®}¬ot gr}êot. Nl}ot otlÜ gíe vM glmol M«ot
otmy sBu gl× olÊg ®Þol pl¶e µ¹n lµ, lot Mle Håot TlÊg M«ot ®∙ MlÕg, otäo
gróM bỉot µmu xBol ®Bot grnot gBy, Qu¸Ml TÜol, Hnmot Duot h¹e ®∙ bÞ b¾g gl× µèe
otuy lµ qu¶ glËg Mòot kl«ot pl¶e hm hío, µm µég otmy hmµ bBot Mlđ gl× ỗe
kl«ot lÕg ol÷ot Mlç lBy, C¸e bBot Mã lmot v¹o bBot Mlóot, ®óot hm Mã glĨ hmµ
M¬ së Mln vM "temu sBot kl«ot glĨ ỗe lÕg" otmy sBu.
Ge¶o amol L}¬ot bB gr}ëot h∙n pl¸e ¸n s¹Ml otli D}¬ot KlBot ỗe, grªo
µỈg ®Ịu lo vỴ vue µõot.
Ntuyªo hm grnot C¸e bBot MleB hmµ lBe pl¸e ¸n s¹Ml vm ¸n d¬. Pl¸e ¸n s¹Ml
otnme vM µỈM qo ¸n ¨o µmy v¸ Ml»ot v¸ ®ơp gl× vM seol ln¹g gl}êot otmy
kl«ot kl¸M t× gl}êot ol©o, ol÷ot ot}êe omy vèo kl«ot pl¶e hm lmn kg grªo teBot
lå, µm hm Mã kỴ kl©µ plơM plnot M¸Ml lp otlÜB MđB C¸e bBot, Mã kỴ kÕg teBn
víe ®Ư gư grnot bBot µm teB olËp C¸e bBot Mlø glËg rB lnmo gnmo kl«ot pl¶e hm ¨o
µmy glËg sù. Pl¸e ¸n d¬ gl× ®óot hm hÊy vM ¨o µmy ®Ĩ µ}u seol, otleªµ glđ te
hg : Kl«ot ®}ỵM sư dơot go b¹M µuB vËg dïot, kl«ot ®}ỵM otåe ¨o Mluot bmo
víe ot}êe otnme, kl«ot ®}ỵM ®éot glđ víe kỴ kl«ot bg vâ M«ot. HBe pl¸e µçe
bªo t µég ®Çu, grBol MlÊp kl«ot gl«e. Håot TlÊg M«ot ®Ĩ gá sù M«ot MlÝol v«
g} o¨µ oBy µỈM ¸n s¹Ml gl× o¨µ sBu µỈM ¸n d¬, Mø glÕ glBy pleªo hu©o Mluo
kl«ot lỊ pl©o bg ®èe xư víe lBe pl¸e. Ntuyªo hm µỈM ¸n d¬ ®e ¨o xeo µíe hm b¶o
s¾M MlÝol g«ot MđB C¸e bBot, MlØ hm Håot TlÊg M«ot glÝMl ¨o glÝMl ot, b¶n y MlØ
®}ỵM xeo M¬µ glõB MBol MỈo MđB ot}êe gB ®Ĩ ®ì hßot gl× Mòot rÊg klã hmµ, v× vËy
MlÝol y Mòot kl«ot glĨ otleªµ glđ te hg MđB pl¸e ¸n d¬. Nl}ot grnot bèo ®¹e
gr}ëot h∙n y h¹e Mne gräot Lç H÷u C}íM olÊg, u kl«ot pl¶e Lç H÷u C}íM gÝol
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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g×ol ỗot o¶y, gõot µÊy hÇo hmµ láot vM hío gl× Håot TlÊg M«ot ®∙ síµ MlØ ®Þol
y hmµ ot}êe kÕ glõB MløM bBot Mlđ råe.
LÇo ®¹e lée ë Nl¹M Cl©u omy, qo M¸e pl¸e ¸n s¹Ml ®∙ rÊg hn h¾ot, otlÜ glǵ
ot}êe kÕ glõB hmµ bBot Mlđ bmo vỊ ®¹n ®øM, vâ M«ot, dBol väot gl× Mã g¸µ MlÝo
plÇo kl«ot pl¶e Lç H÷u C}íM kl«ot xnot. Hot Mle bèo ®¹e gr}ëot h∙n grnot
bBot gl× pl¸e ¸n s¹Ml Mlµ bB ot}êe, ol}ot grnot ®¸µ ®Ư gư glM l¹ gl× pl¶e ¸n
d¬ Mlµ ®¹e ®B sè. aB gr}ëot h∙n pl¸e ¸n s¹Ml gõot bmo kÕ s¸Ml ®èe plã, ol}ot
otlÜ gíe nBe väot MđB Håot TlÊg M«ot kl«ot Be d¸µ otlÜ gíe vM ộ keB, vỊ sBu
glÊy D}¬ot KlBot Mǵ gróM bỉot gíe Nl¹M Cl©u, h¹e otli ỗe Håot TlÊg M«ot ®∙
MlÕg, guy kl«ot kláe ®Bu bo ol}ot otlÜ ®©y MlÝol hm M¬ lée gèg ®Ĩ ®Ì o pl¸e
¸n d¬, hËp gøM Mmot µo gp o¹p D}¬ot KlBot, µ}êe plÇo Muot kÝol, ®Bot ®Þol
otli otãot de µƯol MđB TlÊg M«ot. Nmn otê D}¬ot KlBot v« Mïot geol rBol, MlØ
sỵ Mã bo, vỊ Mluo de µƯol kl«ot lÐ µ«e µég M©u, ®Õo ®¹e lée µíe ỗe rB. aB
gr}ëot h∙n pl¸e ¸n s¹Ml bg râ µ×ol kl«ot Mã plóM plËo Mòot kl«ot glÊg väot,
MlØ MÇo Lç H÷u C}íM kl«ot t MløM bBot Mlđ hm ®∙ gláB hßot, h¹e sỵ D}¬ot
KlBot grỴ ge, olÊg ®Þol pl¶e Mln y vmn klu«o plÐp. Hot lå y qo ¸n lnB hƯ
¨o ot sBot gräot, qug kl«ot glĨ Ml¹y quB pl¸e ¸n d¬. LóM Êy bB ot}êe ol×o
olBu µég M¸e, Be Mòot tËg tËg ®Çu.
Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n ỗe "VÞ D}¬ot g}íot M«ot omy qu¶ glËg ®Bot Mǵ gl¸ol vËg
MđB b¶o bBot. C¸M luyol ®Ư u otê vùM, xeo Mø b}íM hªo xiµ".
Lç H÷u C}íM hM µ¾g ol×o D}¬ot KlBot, gù olđ "a»ot vmn µég gl»ot gu gư
olm ot}¬e Mòot hmµ ®}ỵM bBot Mlđ b¶o bBot, glèot sg qo M¸e M¸M hé grnot
gleªo l¹ m?", ®}B gBy ®ão otäo gróM bỉot, glÊy otäo bỉot xBol bM hãot h¸ol,
qu¶ ®óot hm vËg bBot Mlđ M¸M ®êe gruo h¹e Mln olBu, gù olđ "¾g hm Håot bBot Mlđ
otlÜ gíe ¬o Møu µ¹ot oªo gruo h¹e Mln y. L∙n bBot Mlđ ®∙ Mã de µƯol, bäo µ×ol
l¸ d¸µ kl«ot gu©o sBn? c×ol oªo lÕg søM gruot glmol tp ®ì y, ®õot ®Ĩ suy sơp
M¬ otlp µm Håot bmot Mlđ x©y dùot". Lo lBe gBy ®}B otäo gróM bỉot hªo qu¸
®Çu, Muot Muot kÝol kÝol gr¶ h¹e D}¬ot KlBot, MBn tệot ỗe "ậo gB gu©o glin de
µƯol MđB h∙n bBot Mlđ, Mư D}¬ot'g}íot M«ot hmµ bBot Mlđ ®êe glø µ}êe MlÝo MđB
b¶o bBot". Qo M¸e ®åot glBol lß rin ǵ Ü.
Qu¸Ml TÜol vm Hnmot Duot ot}êe kl«ot glĨ ®éot ®Ëy µot kl«ot glĨ ỗe
o¨ot ol}ot grnot bơot otʵ otǵ kªu klỉ. Qu¸Ml TÜol otlÜ glǵ "Qu¶ oleªo
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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kl«ot rB kláe sù geªo hu MđB Hnmot ®¶n Mlđ, D}¬ot KlBot d¸µ hío µËg te¶ µ¹n
hmµ bBot Mlđ, g}¬ot hBe olÊg ®Þol sÏ t©y läB kl«ot olá". Hnmot Duot h¹e otlÜ
"Tl»ot gu gư omy olÊg ®Þol sÏ kl«ot glB lBe ot}êe bäo µ×ol, MlØ Mßo xiµ y ®Þol
pl¸g h¹M glÕ omn sÏ gïy M¬ øot bo".
Clỵg otli D}¬ot KlBot kleªµ gèo ỗe "T¹e l¹ grỴ ge lu bg Mßo Ýg,
kl«ot ®øM kl«ot gme, qu¶ glËg kl«ot d¸µ ®¶µ ®}¬ot gräot olµ omy". amol
gr}ëot h∙n ỗe "Håot bBot Mlđ Mã de µƯol ol} glÕ, D}¬ot g}íot M«ot kl«ot MÇo
qu¸ kleªµ gèo. C¸M luyol ®Ư xeo ®åot g©µ plơ g¸, D}¬ot g}íot M«ot Mø yªo g©µ
hm ®}ỵM". Lç H÷u C}íM ỗe "§óot glÕ!", råe kl¹M µég got, pluo µég b∙e ®êµ vmn
tB µỈg y.
Cluo omy qu¶ glËg hmµ D}¬ot KlBot lnmo gnmo bÊg otê, h¹e kl«ot gr¸ol
kÞp, b∙e ®êµ dÝol ®óot vmn tB µ¸. Y tg o¶y µ×ol, ®Bot ®Þol qu¸g láe gl× bB
gr}ëot h∙n Ge¶o, amol, L}¬ot Mòot µçe ot}êe µég b∙e o}íM bäg olỉ vmn ot}êe y.
D}¬ot KlBot kªu glǵ "c¹ot µ×ol gl«e råe MlØ Mln r»ot ©µ µ}u ®∙ bÞ bèo gr}ëot
h∙n pl¸g te¸M, ®Bot ®Þol xnBy ot}êe Mn pl©o bá Ml¹y, bg râ hm kl«ot sBn Ml¹y
gln¸g Mòot Mßo l¬o bã gBy MlÞu MlÕg, gl× glÊy bèo gr}ëot h∙n Ml¾p lBe gBy gr}íM
otùM h¹y r¹p xot ®Êg. D}¬ot KlBot ot¹M oleªo kl«ot lu, olÊg glêe kl«ot ỗe
oªo hêe. Qo M¸e glin glø gù hío olá, gõot ot}êe b}íM hªo kl¹M µég b∙e o}íM bäg
vmn y, sBu ®ã hmµ ®¹e hƠ grnot bBot. D}¬ot KlBot µõot sỵ xio hÉo, otʵ otǵ
ot¹M oleªo "Cl¼ot hÏ kl¹M ®êµ vmn µ×ol Mòot hm Muot kÝol sBn? Y kl«ot bg quy
Mđ gr}íM oBy MđB C¸e bBot hm hóM g«o hËp bBot Mlđ olÊg ®Þol pl¶e kl¹M o}íM bäg
vmn bBot Mlđ. §¹e kl¸e v× ¨o µmy ®e xeo ¨o bèo pl}¬ot, bÞ lmot v¹o ot}êe hmµ
olơM, gl× ot}êe ®øot ®Çu qo M¸e olÊg ®Þol pl¶e bÞ bBot Mlóot hmµ olơM, grnot
®ã qu¶ glËg Mã gl©µ ý s©u xB.
Hnmot Duot hËp gøM olí h¹e l«µ gr}íM hóM Håot TlÊg M«ot gruo h¹e MløM
bBot Mlđ Mln µ×ol grªo ®¶n ceol Hm Mòot gõot olỉ µég b∙e ®êµ vmn v¹g ¸n omot,
hóM Êy MlØ Mln r»ot y bÞ gräot gl}¬ot xnot, kl«ot Mã søM kl¹M olỉ oªo µíe ®Õo
e ol} glÕ Mlø kl«ot bg ®ã hm hƠ gg g«o hËp bBot Mlđ. Nlí h¹e l«µ gr}íM Håot
TlÊg M«ot Mßo ỗe "Ntmy sBu ®¸µ klu lãB MlÝol gløM glBµ ko ot}¬e gl× kl«ot
gr¸ol kláe pl¶e MlÞu d¬ d¸y, ê, glËg hm hmµ klã Mln ot}¬e". §Õo hóM bÊy t µíe
bg v× s} plơ sỵ omot Mlª d¬ kl«ot MlÞu olËo MløM bBot Mlđ, oªo tu dµ
kl«ot ỗe.
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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QuB sg B otmy, qo M¸e µíe hmµ hƠ xnot, Mïot rin hªo "cêe D}¬ot bBot
Mlđ hªo ®me Heªo Veªo!".
D}¬ot KlBot glÊy ot«e ®me Mòot kl«ot MBn h¾µ, Mã ý klni klnBot b¶o hÜol,
lBe Ml©o ®µ µég M¸e bBy väg hªo grªo, g} glÕ heol ®éot, v« Mïot ®Đp ®Ï. Tl©o
pl¸p ol¶y hªo Êy MđB y guy ®Đp ol}ot bèo ®¹e gr}ëot h∙n vâ M«ot ®Ịu Mã Mlç
glmol gùu reªot ®Ịu ®∙ olËo rB M«ot plu MđB y MlØ plï lnB Mlø kl«ot glùM gÕ,
M¨o b¶o Mßo kе, MlØ hm y ge Mßo grỴ µm Mã ®}ỵM b¶o hÜol ol} glÕ, râ rmot gõot
®}ỵM MBn glđ gruo glơ, kĨ rB Mòot hm lµ Mã.
D}¬ot KlBot hªo ®me Heªo Veªo råe, MBn tệot ỗe "KỴ luot glđ ®Çu sá l¹e
MlÕg h∙n bBot Mlđ guy Ml}B tg ®}ỵM, ol}ot lBe gªo gBy Ml©o MđB y ®∙ bÞ gB b¾g ë
®©y". Qo M¸e võB otli, h¹e hmµ ǵ hªo, kªu hío "ë ®©u? ë ®©u?", "cBu ®iµ rB
dïot hn¹o ®Bn pl©o gl©y", "§õot µég ®Bn Mlе MlÕg, Mø Mln bäo MÈu gỈM Êy µ
µïe ®Bu klỉ". Qu¸Ml TÜol otlÜ glǵ "L¹e Mã gBy Ml©o omn bÞ y b¾g ®}ỵM olØ, pl¶e
Mlê xiµ glư". D}¬ot KlBot MBn tệot qu¸g "D¾g Mlóot gíe gr}íM ®me!".
amol gr}ëot h∙n r¶n b}íM gíe M¹ol lBe ot}êe Qu¸Ml Hnmot, µçe gBy olÊM µég
ot}êe te¬ MBn hªo b}íM gíe gr}íM ®me Heªo Veªo µ µ¹ol xot ®Êg. Qu¸Ml TÜol
hóM Êy µíe lu, Mlưe glǵ grnot hßot "Tu gư tếe, gÐ rB hm y ỗe bäo µ×ol".
Lç H÷u C}íM glÊy hm lBe ot}êe Qu¸Ml Hnmot, tg o¶y µ×ol, vée ỗe "Kl¶e bȵ
bBot Mlđ : lBe ot}êe omy hm ®Ư gư MđB h∙n bBot Mlđ, g¹e sBn h¹e hmµ l¹e s} g«o?".
D}¬ot KlBot M¨µ lêo ỗe "ClÝol v× glÕ µíe Mmot ®¸ot to. HBe ot}êe omy kle s}
dg gỉ, gée hío gmy grêe". amol gr}ëot h∙n ỗe "D}¬ot bBot Mlđ MlÝol µ¾g ol×o
glÊy, hmµ sBn Mßo sBe ®}ỵM?".
HBe ot}êe Lª Seol vm D} Tru H}ot grnot C¸e bBot tp ®ì TrÞol DBn GeB ë
luo a¶n øot, sg µÊg µ¹ot d}íe gBy ¢u D}¬ot Kl¾M, µBy d}ỵM Qu¸Ml TÜol,
Hnmot Duot gp Møu, ®èe víe lä võB M¶µ ¬o võB kl©µ plơM, h¹e bg Håot TlÊg
M«ot rÊg yªu µÕo lBe ot}êe ®Ư gư omy, hËp gøM rÏ ®¸µ ®«ot b}íM hªo. Lª Seol kªu
hªo "Kl¶e bȵ bBot Mlđ : lBe vÞ omy hm Bol lïot lp otlÜB, gu ol©o d¸µ d¸µ gÝol
µ¹ot rB b¶n ®¶µ, vM h∙n bBot Mlđ bÞ l¹e qug kl«ot Mã heªo quBo t× gíe lä".
D} Tru H}ot kªu hªo "HBe ot}êe omy hm ot}êe gèg, hm ol÷ot ot}êe b¹o rÊg gèg".
L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n grỵo µ¾g qu¸g "Cã Mluo t× gl× pl¶e dn gr}ëot h∙n MđB M¸M
ot}¬e ỗe, Mlø ë ®©y hm Mlç Mln M¸M ot}¬e ỗe hin m?" Lª D} lBe ot}êe glM pl¸e
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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¸n d¬, dn Lç H÷u C}íM MBe qu¶o, vỊ gl©o plËo gl× glÊp l¬o oªo kl«ot d¸µ ỗe t×
B, M¨µ gøM hue xot.
Lç H÷u C}íM ỗe "Kl«ot pl¶e gu ol©o d¸µ kl«ot geo hêe bBot Mlđ, MlØ v×
®©y hm Mluo hío b¸n glï rưB lËo Mln b¶o bBot, xeo bBot Mlđ láe h¹e glËg kü ®Ĩ
bg râ Ml©o g}íot".
D}¬ot KlBot grnot hßot ®∙ síµ Mã kÕ, bÌo ỗe "§}ỵM gB sÏ gíe láe Mln râ
rmot" , råe ỗe víe lBe ot}êe Qu¸Ml Hnmot "C¸M ot}¬e Mòot kl«ot MÇo gr¶ hêe, gB
ỗe ®óot gl× Mø tËg ®Çu, kl«ot ®óot gl× Mø h¾M ®Çu. NÕu Mã B ®µ dèe gr¸ gl×
®õot gr¸Ml ®Bn kµ v« g×ol råe vuot gBy µég M¸e, amol L}¬ot lBe gr}ëot h∙n ®Ịu
olÊg gỊ róg vâ klÝ rB kỊ vmn h}ot lBe ot}êe Qu¸Ml Hnmot. amol gr}ëot h∙n sư kµ,
L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n sư ®Bn, ®Ịu hm beol klÝ s¾M bÐo.
Hnmot Duot to g¸e µỈg, olí h¹e hóM grnot µËg glÊg ë gl«o Nt}u GeB otli
Mluo tËg ®Çu h¾M ®Çu MđB Tr×ol DBn GeB kle LơM Qu¸o Aol MÇu l«o, hóM Êy hmµ
glÕ gl× lBy h¹ glÕ omn, l«µ oBy h¹e r¬e vmn µ×ol, h¹e bÞ t∙ teBo ®å omy hmµ olơM. L¹e
olí h¹e µ×ol gõot t grß MläM tlĐn ¢u D}¬ot Kl¾M, kl«ot otê h¹e bÞ qu¶ b¸n glÕ
omy, guy ®Bot gøM to vÉo otlÜ M¸Ml tËg ®Çu h¾M ®Çu glÕ omn ®Ĩ hmµ Lç H÷u C}íM
seol otle ®Ĩ y rB søM ®ße pl¶e ®}ỵM Mln µ×ol MlÝol gløM ®èe ®¸p, MlØ MÇo ®}ỵM
ỗe rB hêe gl× v¹Ml grÇo teBo kÕ MđB D}¬ot KlBot kl«ot pl¶e hm klã.
D}¬ot KlBot bg Qu¸Ml TÜol glËg glm, rÊg dƠ hõB t¹g, bÌo olÊM y hªo µ
quB µég bªo, MBn tệot ỗe "C« t¸e omy hm Mno rg MđB Hnmot D}ỵM S}, Mã ®óot
kl«ot?" Qu¸Ml TÜol ol¾µ µ¾g kl«ot ®iµ xØB t× gíe. L}¬ot gr}ëot h∙n Êo µòe ®Bn
vmn h}ot y µég M¸e qu¸g "Pl¶e kl«ot kl«ot pl¶e, tËg ®Çu lBy hm h¾M ®Çu? Qu¸Ml
TÜol vèo ®Þol bÊg kĨ gíe Mïot, Mlỵg xnBy Mluo ý otlÜ "Cln dï µ×ol µot
kl«ot ỗe ®}ỵM ol}ot Mòot Mã Mlç ®óot sBe ®io gr¾ot", bÌo tËg ®Çu.
Qo M¸e Mln r»ot Hnmot D}ỵM S} hm luot glđ ®Çu sá l¹e MlÕg Håot TlÊg
M«ot, glÊy y tËg ®Çu, glÐg hªo ǵ ǵ "Cßo láe t× B, tg µBu ®e, tg µBu ®e!",
"Gg gl»ot gu gỈM Êy µBu ®e, råe ®e g×µ h∙n gỈM gÝol sỉ" D}¬ot KlBot kªu hªo
"C¸M luyol ®Ư ®õot ǵ Ü, ®Ĩ gB láe y gp". Qo M¸e otli hƯol bBot Mlđ sBe
b¶n, hËp gøM yªo hỈot.
D}¬ot KlBot láe Qu¸Ml TÜol "Hnmot D}ỵM S} løB t¶ Mno t¸e Mln ot}¬e,
®óot kl«ot Qu¸Ml TÜol otlÜ Mluo Êy hm Mã glËg, h¹e tËg tËg ®Çu. D}¬ot KlBot
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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klnµ ot}êe xot µß vmn ot}êe y, róg rB µég glBol Ml glđ s¸ot hãi µ¾g, láe
"§©y hm MđB Kl}u Xư C¬ grnot Tnmo Cl©o glÊg gư gỈot Mln ot}¬e, µm Kl}u h∙n
®¹n Mßo kl¾M gªo ot}¬e grªo Mlu«e kµ, Mã ®óot kl«ot Qu¸Ml TÜol tËg ®Çu.
D}¬ot KlBot h¹e láe "Trnot Tnmo Cl©o glÊg gư gl× c∙ NtäM gõot gruo glơ M«ot
plu Mln ot}¬e, V}¬ot Xư NlÊg gõot Møu µ¹ot ot}¬e, ot}¬e Mã olê v¶ lä kl«ot?"
Qu¸Ml TÜol otlÜ glǵ "c×ol h¹e kl«ot olê v¶ sBn?", h¹e tËg tËg ®Çu. D}¬ot KlBot
ỗe "Håot TlÊg M«ot Håot bBot Mlđ Mln lBe ot}êe M¸M ot}¬e hm ot}êe gèg, gõot
gruo glơ gug kü MđB «ot Mln M¸M ot}¬e, Mã ®óot kl«ot?". Qu¸Ml TÜol tËg ®Çu.
D}¬ot KlBot h¹e láe "Håot TlÊg M«ot bÞ ®ÞMl ol©o ¸µ gn¸o, gl©o bÞ gräot gl}¬ot,
lBe ot}êe M¸M ot}¬e vÉo ®Bot bªo M¹ol h∙n ol©o teB, ®óot kl«ot?". Qu¸Ml TÜol h¹e
tËg ®Çu. Hnmot Duot grnot hßot ln¶ot sỵ "NtèM MB MB ¬e, bÊg kĨ y láe ®óot lBy
kl«ot ®óot, ot}¬e Mø h¾M ®Çu gl× y sÏ kl«ot glĨ kl«ot ®Ĩ ot}¬e ỗe".
Qo M¸e otli tệot ỗe D}¬ot KlBot Mmot hóM Mmot otleªµ kl¾M, Qu¸Ml
TÜol gl× kl«ot otõot tËg ®Çu MlØ Mln r»ot y gl¼ot gl¾o olËo gée Mlø kl«ot bg
ol÷ot M©u láe Êy lnmo gnmo kl«ot heªo lƯ t× víe vM Håot TlÊg M«ot bÞ ¸µ gn¸o,
gnmo hm teBo kÕ MđB D}¬ot KlBot ®Ỉg rB ®Ĩ l∙µ l¹e. LóM Êy otBy M¶ Lç H÷u C}íM
Mòot M¨µ lêo Qu¸Ml Hnmot lBe ot}êe glÊu x}¬ot, b}íM gíe gr}íM µỈg ®¸ µ¹ol vmn
Qu¸Ml TÜol µÊy M¸e. D}¬ot KlBot kªu hªo "C¸M luyol ®Ư, lBe gªo gu gỈM omy kĨ
Mòot s¶ot kln¸e, vËy Mòot µo Mln lä pl¶e MlÞu klỉ. HBe vÞ gr}ëot h∙n amol
L}¬ot ®éot glđ µBu ®e!".
Qu¸Ml TÜol vm Hnmot Duot glª gl¶µ ol×o olBu. Hnmot Duot ®ég oleªo M}êe
M}êe, otlÜ glǵ "Lm µ×ol vm TÜol MB MB MlÕg ë µég Mlç, Mlø kl«ot pl¶e hm HnB
TrBol! ClÕg ol} glÕ omy kĨ Mòot s¹Ml sÏ, Mln dï gr}íM µ¾g Mã bÞ µ}B hío Mòot
kl«ot MÇo Ml¹y p B".
Qu¸Ml TÜol otÈot ®Çu ol×o grêe, olí h¹e µĐ ®Bot grªo ®¹e µ¹M xB x«e, ot}ot
glÇo ol×o vỊ plÝB b¾M, MlØ glÊy Mlßµ sBn a¾M ®Èu hÊp hãi, ®ég oleªo tg µ×ol,
olí h¹e grËo glÕ MđB Tnmo Cl©o glÊg gư ¸M ®Êu víe cBe Seªu Plnot, Hnmot D}ỵM
S}, ot}êe gB ®Õo hóM s¾p MlÕg, g©µ g} ®ỈM bg heol µÉo s¾M bÐo, ol÷ot M¸Ml gløM
M«ot glđ go hue, ®ãot µë Èo lo MđB grËo Tleªo Mmot a¾M ®Èu h¹e ol} lo râ
µåo µég gr}íM µ¾g.
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glđ, Lç H÷u C}íM ®ég oleªo sÊo hªo ®øot MlỈo gr}íM µỈg lBe ot}êe, kªu hªo
Aol Hïot X¹ §eªu Ntuyªo g¸M: Keµ Duot DÞMl te¶: CBn Tù TlBol
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"KlnBo ®∙". Råe róg µí M©y otBe grnot µot Qu¸Ml TÜol rB, láe "L∙n bBot Mlđ bÞ
l¹e glÕ omn, ot}¬e ỗe râ rmot Mln gB otli". D}¬ot KlBot vée ỗe "Kl«ot MÇo láe
B, gB ®Ịu bg råe". Lç H÷u C}íM h¹e ỗe "aBot Mlđ, Mlóot gB Mmot láe râ Mmot
gèg. Plmµ ol÷ot gªo teBo gỈM Mã heªo quBo gíe Mluo omy gl× kl«ot glĨ Mln ®øB
omn Ml¹y gln¸g". D}¬ot KlBot otʵ otǵ ln¶ot sỵ, otlÜ glǵ u ®Ĩ y ỗe rB
Ml©o g}íot olÊg ®Þol sÏ Mã bo, MlØ hm hý hÏ MđB Lç H÷u C}íM rÊg ®óot, h¹e kl«ot
go M¶o grë hËp gøM µå l«e grªo gr¸o Ml¶y xot rßot rßot.
Nmn otê Qu¸Ml TÜol guy ®∙ ®}ỵM róg µí Mmol tBe grnot µot rB ol}ot vÉo
kl«ot ỗe kl«ot r»ot, otÈot ®Çu ol×o bÇu grêe plÝB b¾M, ot¬ otÈo xg glÇo. Lç
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otlÜ kl¸M l¼o olBu.
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Clỵg otli vï vï µÊy got, µég ®¹n ¸ol s¸ot gÝB h}íg quB grªo µỈg lå.
amol L}¬ot lBe ot}êe ot¹M oleªo ol×o olBu, h¹e glÊy lBe ®¹n ¸ol s¸ot µmu hBµ
väg hªo kl«ot, ®¹n ¸ol s¸ot omy M¸Ml Qu©o S¬o kln¶ot vme dỈµ, b¾o hªo gõ tB
lå. Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n ỗe "aBot Mlđ, Mã kl¸Ml q gíe". D}¬ot KlBot ot¹M oleªo
láe "Lm Be glÕ?" Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n ỗe "aBot Mlđ Tlg Ml}ëot bBot". D}¬ot KlBot
kl«ot bg hBe hÞMl Tlg Ml}ëot bBot, láe "Tlg Ml}êot bBot m?". Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n
ỗe "§©y hm µég ®¹e bBot lée ë vïot Xuyªo T}¬ot, bBot Mlđ MđB lä gíe b¸e pláot
gr}íM, pl¶e gp ®∙e MÈo glËo. HBe ®øB gu gỈM omy ®Ĩ sBu ®¹e lée pl¸g h¹M Mòot
kl«ot µo". D}¬ot KlBot ỗe "Còot ®}ỵM, xeo Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n gp ®∙e g©o
kl¸Ml". Ge¶o gr}ëot h∙n gruo hƯol rB, b×ol b×ol b×ol bB got, grªo ®¶n Qu©o
S¬o hËp gøM Mã bB µòe láB go ®á rùM bBy hªo.
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guy ®Ịu bg kleol M«ot ol}ot låe h©u µíe hªo gíe.
Qu¸Ml Hnmot lBe ot}êe bÞ d¾g grnot ®¸µ ®«ot, dn amol gr}ëot h∙n sBe ®Ư gư
Tài liệu Advanced Linux Programming: 3-Processes pdf
Processes
3
ARUNNING INSTANCE OF A PROGRAM IS CALLED A PROCESS. If you have two
terminal windows showing on your screen, then you are probably running the
same terminal program twice—you have two terminal processes. Each terminal
window is probably running a shell; each running shell is another process.When you
invoke a command from a shell, the corresponding program is executed in a new
process; the shell process resumes when that process completes.
Advanced programmers often use multiple cooperating processes in a single appli-
cation to enable the application to do more than one thing at once, to increase
application robustness, and to make use of already-existing programs.
Most of the process manipulation functions described in this chapter are similar to
those on other UNIX systems. Most are declared in the header file
<unistd.h>; check
the man page for each function to be sure.
3.1 Looking at Processes
Even as you sit down at your computer, there are processes running. Every executing
program uses one or more processes. Let’s start by taking a look at the processes
already on your computer.
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Chapter 3 Processes
3.1.1 Process IDs
Each process in a Linux system is identified by its unique process ID, sometimes
referred to as pid. Process IDs are 16-bit numbers that are assigned sequentially by
Linux as new processes are created.
Every process also has a parent process (except the special init process, described in
Section 3.4.3,“Zombie Processes”).Thus, you can think of the processes on a Linux
system as arranged in a tree, with the init process at its root.The parent process ID,or
ppid, is simply the process ID of the process’s parent.
When referring to process IDs in a C or C++ program, always use the pid_t
typedef, which is defined in <sys/types.h>. A program can obtain the process ID of
the process it’s running in with the getpid() system call, and it can obtain the process
ID of its parent process with the getppid() system call. For instance, the program in
Listing 3.1 prints its process ID and its parent’s process ID.
Listing 3.1 ( print-pid.c) Printing the Process ID
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main ()
{
printf (“The process ID is %d\n”, (int) getpid ());
printf (“The parent process ID is %d\n”, (int) getppid ());
return 0;
}
Observe that if you invoke this program several times, a different process ID is
reported because each invocation is in a new process. However, if you invoke it every
time from the same shell, the parent process ID (that is, the process ID of the shell
process) is the same.
3.1.2 Viewing Active Processes
The ps command displays the processes that are running on your system.The
GNU/Linux version of ps has lots of options because it tries to be compatible with
versions of ps on several other UNIX variants.These options control which processes
are listed and what information about each is shown.
By default, invoking ps displays the processes controlled by the terminal or terminal
window in which ps is invoked. For example:
% ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
21693 pts/8 00:00:00 bash
21694 pts/8 00:00:00 ps
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3.1 Looking at Processes
This invocation of ps shows two processes.The first, bash, is the shell running on this
terminal.The second is the running instance of the ps program itself.The first col-
umn, labeled PID, displays the process ID of each.
For a more detailed look at what’s running on your GNU/Linux system, invoke
this:
% ps -e -o pid,ppid,command
The -e option instructs ps to display all processes running on the system.The
-o pid,ppid,command option tells ps what information to show about each process—
in this case, the process ID, the parent process ID, and the command running in this
process.
ps Output Formats
With the -o option to the ps command, you specify the information about processes that you want in
the output as a comma-separated list. For example, ps -o pid,user,start_time,command displays
the process ID, the name of the user owning the process, the wall clock time at which the process
started, and the command running in the process. See the man page for
ps for the full list of field codes.
You can use the -f (full listing), -l (long listing), or -j (jobs listing) options instead to get three differ-
ent preset listing formats.
Here are the first few lines and last few lines of output from this command on my
system.You may see different output, depending on what’s running on your system.
% ps -e -o pid,ppid,command
PID PPID COMMAND
1 0 init [5]
2 1 [kflushd]
3 1 [kupdate]
21725 21693 xterm
21727 21725 bash
21728 21727 ps -e -o pid,ppid,command
Note that the parent process ID of the ps command, 21727, is the process ID of bash,
the shell from which I invoked ps.The parent process ID of bash is in turn 21725, the
process ID of the xterm program in which the shell is running.
3.1.3 Killing a Process
You can kill a running process with the kill command. Simply specify on the com-
mand line the process ID of the process to be killed.
The kill command works by sending the process a SIGTERM, or termination,
signal.
1
This causes the process to terminate, unless the executing program explicitly
handles or masks the SIGTERM signal. Signals are described in Section 3.3,“Signals.”
1.You can also use the kill command to send other signals to a process.This is described in
Section 3.4,“Process Termination.”
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Chapter 3 Processes
3.2 Creating Processes
Two common techniques are used for creating a new process.The first is relatively
simple but should be used sparingly because it is inefficient and has considerably
security risks.The second technique is more complex but provides greater flexibility,
speed, and security.
3.2.1 Using system
The system function in the standard C library provides an easy way to execute a
command from within a program, much as if the command had been typed into a
shell. In fact, system creates a subprocess running the standard Bourne shell (/bin/sh)
and hands the command to that shell for execution. For example, this program in
Listing 3.2 invokes the ls command to display the contents of the root directory, as if
you typed ls -l / into a shell.
Listing 3.2 (system.c) Using the system Call
#include <stdlib.h>
int main ()
{
int return_value;
return_value = system (“ls -l /”);
return return_value;
}
The system function returns the exit status of the shell command. If the shell itself
cannot be run, system returns 127; if another error occurs, system returns –1.
Because the system function uses a shell to invoke your command, it’s subject to
the features, limitations, and security flaws of the system’s shell.You can’t rely on the
availability of any particular version of the Bourne shell. On many UNIX systems,
/bin/sh is a symbolic link to another shell. For instance, on most GNU/Linux sys-
tems, /bin/sh points to bash (the Bourne-Again SHell), and different GNU/Linux
distributions use different versions of
bash. Invoking a program with root privilege
with the system function, for instance, can have different results on different
GNU/Linux systems.Therefore, it’s preferable to use the fork and exec method for
creating processes.
3.2.2 Using fork and exec
The DOS and Windows API contains the spawn family of functions.These functions
take as an argument the name of a program to run and create a new process instance
of that program. Linux doesn’t contain a single function that does all this in one step.
Instead, Linux provides one function, fork, that makes a child process that is an exact
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3.2 Creating Processes
copy of its parent process. Linux provides another set of functions, the exec family, that
causes a particular process to cease being an instance of one program and to instead
become an instance of another program.To spawn a new process, you first use fork to
make a copy of the current process.Then you use exec to transform one of these
processes into an instance of the program you want to spawn.
Calling fork
When a program calls fork, a duplicate process, called the child process, is created.The
parent process continues executing the program from the point that fork was called.
The child process, too, executes the same program from the same place.
So how do the two processes differ? First, the child process is a new process and
therefore has a new process ID, distinct from its parent’s process ID. One way for a
program to distinguish whether it’s in the parent process or the child process is to call
getpid. However, the fork function provides different return values to the parent and
child processes—one process “goes in” to the fork call, and two processes “come out,”
with different return values.The return value in the parent process is the process ID of
the child.The return value in the child process is zero. Because no process ever has a
process ID of zero, this makes it easy for the program whether it is now running as the
parent or the child process.
Listing 3.3 is an example of using fork to duplicate a program’s process. Note that
the first block of the if statement is executed only in the parent process, while the
else clause is executed in the child process.
Listing 3.3 ( fork.c) Using fork to Duplicate a Program’s Process
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main ()
{
pid_t child_pid;
printf (“the main program process ID is %d\n”, (int) getpid ());
child_pid = fork ();
if (child_pid != 0) {
printf (“this is the parent process, with id %d\n”, (int) getpid ());
printf (“the child’s process ID is %d\n”, (int) child_pid);
}
else
printf (“this is the child process, with id %d\n”, (int) getpid ());
return 0;
}
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Chapter 3 Processes
Using the exec Family
The exec functions replace the program running in a process with another program.
When a program calls an exec function, that process immediately ceases executing that
program and begins executing a new program from the beginning, assuming that the
exec call doesn’t encounter an error.
Within the exec family, there are functions that vary slightly in their capabilities
and how they are called.
n
Functions that contain the letter p in their names (execvp and execlp) accept a
program name and search for a program by that name in the current execution
path; functions that don’t contain the p must be given the full path of the pro-
gram to be executed.
n
Functions that contain the letter v in their names (execv, execvp, and execve)
accept the argument list for the new program as a NULL-terminated array of
pointers to strings. Functions that contain the letter l (execl, execlp, and
execle) accept the argument list using the C language’s varargs mechanism.
n
Functions that contain the letter e in their names (execve and execle) accept an
additional argument, an array of environment variables.The argument should be
a NULL-terminated array of pointers to character strings. Each character string
should be of the form “VARIABLE=value”.
Because exec replaces the calling program with another one, it never returns unless an
error occurs.
The argument list passed to the program is analogous to the command-line argu-
ments that you specify to a program when you run it from the shell.They are available
through the argc and argv parameters to main. Remember, when a program is
invoked from the shell, the shell sets the first element of the argument list argv[0]) to
the name of the program, the second element of the argument list (argv[1]) to the
first command-line argument, and so on.When you use an exec function in your pro-
grams, you, too, should pass the name of the function as the first element of the argu-
ment list.
Using fork and exec Together
A common pattern to run a subprogram within a program is first to fork the process
and then exec the subprogram.This allows the calling program to continue execution
in the parent process while the calling program is replaced by the subprogram in the
child process.
The program in Listing 3.4, like Listing 3.2, lists the contents of the root directory
using the
ls command. Unlike the previous example, though, it invokes the ls com-
mand directly, passing it the command-line arguments -l and / rather than invoking it
through a shell.
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3.2 Creating Processes
Listing 3.4 ( fork-exec.c) Using fork and exec Together
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
/* Spawn a child process running a new program. PROGRAM is the name
of the program to run; the path will be searched for this program.
ARG_LIST is a NULL-terminated list of character strings to be
passed as the program’s argument list. Returns the process ID of
the spawned process. */
int spawn (char* program, char** arg_list)
{
pid_t child_pid;
/* Duplicate this process. */
child_pid = fork ();
if (child_pid != 0)
/* This is the parent process. */
return child_pid;
else {
/* Now execute PROGRAM, searching for it in the path. */
execvp (program, arg_list);
/* The execvp function returns only if an error occurs. */
fprintf (stderr, “an error occurred in execvp\n”);
abort ();
}
}
int main ()
{
/* The argument list to pass to the “ls” command. */
char* arg_list[] = {
“ls”, /* argv[0], the name of the program. */
“-l”,
“/”,
NULL /* The argument list must end with a NULL. */
};
/* Spawn a child process running the “ls” command. Ignore the
returned child process ID. */
spawn (“ls”, arg_list);
printf (“done with main program\n”);
return 0;
}
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Chapter 3 Processes
3.2.3 Process Scheduling
Linux schedules the parent and child processes independently; there’s no guarantee of
which one will run first, or how long it will run before Linux interrupts it and lets the
other process (or some other process on the system) run. In particular, none, part, or all
of the ls command may run in the child process before the parent completes.
2
Linux
promises that each process will run eventually—no process will be completely starved
of execution resources.
You may specify that a process is less important—and should be given a lower priority
—by assigning it a higher niceness value. By default, every process has a niceness of zero.
A higher niceness value means that the process is given a lesser execution priority;
conversely, a process with a lower (that is, negative) niceness gets more execution time.
To run a program with a nonzero niceness, use the nice command, specifying the
niceness value with the -n option. For example, this is how you might invoke the
command “sort input.txt > output.txt”, a long sorting operation, with a reduced
priority so that it doesn’t slow down the system too much:
% nice -n 10 sort input.txt > output.txt
You can use the renice command to change the niceness of a running process from
the command line.
To change the niceness of a running process programmatically, use the nice func-
tion. Its argument is an increment value, which is added to the niceness value of the
process that calls it. Remember that a positive value raises the niceness value and thus
reduces the process’s execution priority.
Note that only a process with root privilege can run a process with a negative nice-
ness value or reduce the niceness value of a running process.This means that you may
specify negative values to the
nice and renice commands only when logged in as
root, and only a process running as root can pass a negative value to the nice function.
This prevents ordinary users from grabbing execution priority away from others using
the system.
3.3 Signals
Signals are mechanisms for communicating with and manipulating processes in Linux.
The topic of signals is a large one; here we discuss some of the most important signals
and techniques that are used for controlling processes.
A signal is a special message sent to a process. Signals are asynchronous; when a
process receives a signal, it processes the signal immediately, without finishing the cur-
rent function or even the current line of code.There are several dozen different sig-
nals, each with a different meaning. Each signal type is specified by its signal number,
but in programs, you usually refer to a signal by its name. In Linux, these are defined
in /usr/include/bits/signum.h. (You shouldn’t include this header file directly in
your programs; instead, use <signal.h>.)
2. A method for serializing the two processes is presented in Section 3.4.1, “Waiting for
Process Termination.”
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3.3 Signals
When a process receives a signal, it may do one of several things, depending on the
signal’s disposition. For each signal, there is a default disposition, which determines what
happens to the process if the program does not specify some other behavior. For most
signal types, a program may specify some other behavior—either to ignore the signal
or to call a special signal-handler function to respond to the signal. If a signal handler is
used, the currently executing program is paused, the signal handler is executed, and,
when the signal handler returns, the program resumes.
The Linux system sends signals to processes in response to specific conditions. For
instance, SIGBUS (bus error), SIGSEGV (segmentation violation), and SIGFPE (floating
point exception) may be sent to a process that attempts to perform an illegal opera-
tion.The default disposition for these signals it to terminate the process and produce a
core file.
A process may also send a signal to another process. One common use of this
mechanism is to end another process by sending it a
SIGTERM or SIGKILL signal.
3
Another common use is to send a command to a running program.Two “user-
defined” signals are reserved for this purpose: SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2.The SIGHUP signal
is sometimes used for this purpose as well, commonly to wake up an idling program
or cause a program to reread its configuration files.
The sigaction function can be used to set a signal disposition.The first parameter
is the signal number.The next two parameters are pointers to sigaction structures; the
first of these contains the desired disposition for that signal number, while the second
receives the previous disposition.The most important field in the first or second
sigaction structure is sa_handler. It can take one of three values:
n
SIG_DFL, which specifies the default disposition for the signal.
n
SIG_IGN, which specifies that the signal should be ignored.
n
A pointer to a signal-handler function.The function should take one parameter,
the signal number, and return void.
Because signals are asynchronous, the main program may be in a very fragile state
when a signal is processed and thus while a signal handler function executes.
Therefore, you should avoid performing any I/O operations or calling most library
and system functions from signal handlers.
A signal handler should perform the minimum work necessary to respond to the
signal, and then return control to the main program (or terminate the program). In
most cases, this consists simply of recording the fact that a signal occurred.The main
program then checks periodically whether a signal has occurred and reacts accordingly.
It is possible for a signal handler to be interrupted by the delivery of another signal.
While this may sound like a rare occurrence, if it does occur, it will be very difficult to
diagnose and debug the problem. (This is an example of a race condition, discussed in
Chapter 4,“Threads,” Section 4.4, “Synchronization and Critical Sections.”) Therefore,
you should be very careful about what your program does in a signal handler.
3.What’s the difference? The SIGTERM signal asks a process to terminate; the process may
ignore the request by masking or ignoring the signal.The
SIGKILL signal always kills the process
immediately because the process may not mask or ignore
SIGKILL.
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Chapter 3 Processes
Even assigning a value to a global variable can be dangerous because the assignment
may actually be carried out in two or more machine instructions, and a second signal
may occur between them, leaving the variable in a corrupted state. If you use a global
variable to flag a signal from a signal-handler function, it should be of the special type
sig_atomic_t. Linux guarantees that assignments to variables of this type are per-
formed in a single instruction and therefore cannot be interrupted midway. In Linux,
sig_atomic_t is an ordinary int; in fact, assignments to integer types the size of int or
smaller, or to pointers, are atomic. If you want to write a program that’s portable to
any standard UNIX system, though, use sig_atomic_t for these global variables.
This program skeleton in Listing 3.5, for instance, uses a signal-handler function to
count the number of times that the program receives SIGUSR1, one of the signals
reserved for application use.
Listing 3.5 (sigusr1.c) Using a Signal Handler
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
sig_atomic_t sigusr1_count = 0;
void handler (int signal_number)
{
++sigusr1_count;
}
int main ()
{
struct sigaction sa;
memset (&sa, 0, sizeof (sa));
sa.sa_handler = &handler;
sigaction (SIGUSR1, &sa, NULL);
/* Do some lengthy stuff here. */
/* */
printf (“SIGUSR1 was raised %d times\n”, sigusr1_count);
return 0;
}
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3.4 Process Termination
3.4 Process Termination
Normally, a process terminates in one of two ways. Either the executing program calls
the exit function, or the program’s main function returns. Each process has an exit
code: a number that the process returns to its parent.The exit code is the argument
passed to the exit function, or the value returned from main.
A process may also terminate abnormally, in response to a signal. For instance, the
SIGBUS, SIGSEGV, and SIGFPE signals mentioned previously cause the process to termi-
nate. Other signals are used to terminate a process explicitly.The SIGINT signal is sent
to a process when the user attempts to end it by typing Ctrl+C in its terminal.The
SIGTERM signal is sent by the kill command.The default disposition for both of these
is to terminate the process. By calling the abort function, a process sends itself the
SIGABRT signal, which terminates the process and produces a core file.The most pow-
erful termination signal is SIGKILL, which ends a process immediately and cannot be
blocked or handled by a program.
Any of these signals can be sent using the kill command by specifying an extra
command-line flag; for instance, to end a troublesome process by sending it a SIGKILL,
invoke the following, where pid is its process ID:
% kill -KILL pid
To send a signal from a program, use the kill function.The first parameter is the tar-
get process ID.The second parameter is the signal number; use SIGTERM to simulate the
default behavior of the kill command. For instance, where child pid contains the
process ID of the child process, you can use the kill function to terminate a child
process from the parent by calling it like this:
kill (child_pid, SIGTERM);
Include the <sys/types.h> and <signal.h> headers if you use the kill function.
By convention, the exit code is used to indicate whether the program executed
correctly.An exit code of zero indicates correct execution, while a nonzero exit code
indicates that an error occurred. In the latter case, the particular value returned may
give some indication of the nature of the error. It’s a good idea to stick with this con-
vention in your programs because other components of the GNU/Linux system
assume this behavior. For instance, shells assume this convention when you connect
multiple programs with the
&& (logical and) and || (logical or) operators.Therefore,
you should explicitly return zero from your main function, unless an error occurs.
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Chapter 3 Processes
With most shells, it’s possible to obtain the exit code of the most recently executed
program using the special $? variable. Here’s an example in which the ls command is
invoked twice and its exit code is displayed after each invocation. In the first case, ls
executes correctly and returns the exit code zero. In the second case, ls encounters an
error (because the filename specified on the command line does not exist) and thus
returns a nonzero exit code.
% ls /
bin coda etc lib misc nfs proc sbin usr
boot dev home lost+found mnt opt root tmp var
% echo $?
0
% ls bogusfile
ls: bogusfile: No such file or directory
% echo $?
1
Note that even though the parameter type of the exit function is int and the main
function returns an int, Linux does not preserve the full 32 bits of the return code. In
fact, you should use exit codes only between zero and 127. Exit codes above 128 have
a special meaning—when a process is terminated by a signal, its exit code is 128 plus
the signal number.
3.4.1 Waiting for Process Termination
If you typed in and ran the fork and exec example in Listing 3.4, you may have
noticed that the output from the ls program often appears after the “main program”
has already completed.That’s because the child process, in which ls is run, is sched-
uled independently of the parent process. Because Linux is a multitasking operating
system, both processes appear to execute simultaneously, and you can’t predict whether
the
ls program will have a chance to run before or after the parent process runs.
In some situations, though, it is desirable for the parent process to wait until one or
more child processes have completed.This can be done with the wait family of system
calls.These functions allow you to wait for a process to finish executing, and enable
the parent process to retrieve information about its child’s termination.There are four
different system calls in the wait family; you can choose to get a little or a lot of infor-
mation about the process that exited, and you can choose whether you care about
which child process terminated.
3.4.2 The wait System Calls
The simplest such function is called simply wait. It blocks the calling process until one
of its child processes exits (or an error occurs). It returns a status code via an integer
pointer argument, from which you can extract information about how the child process
exited. For instance, the WEXITSTATUS macro extracts the child process’s exit code.
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3.4 Process Termination
You can use the WIFEXITED macro to determine from a child process’s exit status
whether that process exited normally (via the exit function or returning from main)
or died from an unhandled signal. In the latter case, use the WTERMSIG macro to extract
from its exit status the signal number by which it died.
Here is the main function from the fork and exec example again.This time, the
parent process calls wait to wait until the child process, in which the ls command
executes, is finished.
int main ()
{
int child_status;
/* The argument list to pass to the “ls” command. */
char* arg_list[] = {
“ls”, /* argv[0], the name of the program. */
“-l”,
“/”,
NULL /* The argument list must end with a NULL. */
};
/* Spawn a child process running the “ls” command. Ignore the
returned child process ID. */
spawn (“ls”, arg_list);
/* Wait for the child process to complete. */
wait (&child_status);
if (WIFEXITED (child_status))
printf (“the child process exited normally, with exit code %d\n”,
WEXITSTATUS (child_status));
else
printf (“the child process exited abnormally\n”);
return 0;
}
Several similar system calls are available in Linux, which are more flexible or provide
more information about the exiting child process.The
waitpid function can be used
to wait for a specific child process to exit instead of any child process.The wait3 func-
tion returns CPU usage statistics about the exiting child process, and the wait4
function allows you to specify additional options about which processes to wait for.
3.4.3 Zombie Processes
If a child process terminates while its parent is calling a wait function, the child
process vanishes and its termination status is passed to its parent via the wait call. But
what happens when a child process terminates and the parent is not calling wait?
Does it simply vanish? No, because then information about its termination—such as
whether it exited normally and, if so, what its exit status is—would be lost. Instead,
when a child process terminates, is becomes a zombie process.
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Chapter 3 Processes
A zombie process is a process that has terminated but has not been cleaned up yet. It
is the responsibility of the parent process to clean up its zombie children.The wait
functions do this, too, so it’s not necessary to track whether your child process is still
executing before waiting for it. Suppose, for instance, that a program forks a child
process, performs some other computations, and then calls wait. If the child process
has not terminated at that point, the parent process will block in the wait call until the
child process finishes. If the child process finishes before the parent process calls wait,
the child process becomes a zombie.When the parent process calls wait, the zombie
child’s termination status is extracted, the child process is deleted, and the wait call
returns immediately.
What happens if the parent does not clean up its children? They stay around in the
system, as zombie processes.The program in Listing 3.6 forks a child process, which
terminates immediately and then goes to sleep for a minute, without ever cleaning up
the child process.
Listing 3.6 (zombie.c) Making a Zombie Process
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main ()
{
pid_t child_pid;
/* Create a child process. */
child_pid = fork ();
if (child_pid > 0) {
/* This is the parent process. Sleep for a minute. */
sleep (60);
}
else {
/* This is the child process. Exit immediately. */
exit (0);
}
return 0;
}
Try compiling this file to an executable named make-zombie. Run it, and while it’s still
running, list the processes on the system by invoking the following command in
another window:
% ps -e -o pid,ppid,stat,cmd
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3
ARUNNING INSTANCE OF A PROGRAM IS CALLED A PROCESS. If you have two
terminal windows showing on your screen, then you are probably running the
same terminal program twice—you have two terminal processes. Each terminal
window is probably running a shell; each running shell is another process.When you
invoke a command from a shell, the corresponding program is executed in a new
process; the shell process resumes when that process completes.
Advanced programmers often use multiple cooperating processes in a single appli-
cation to enable the application to do more than one thing at once, to increase
application robustness, and to make use of already-existing programs.
Most of the process manipulation functions described in this chapter are similar to
those on other UNIX systems. Most are declared in the header file
<unistd.h>; check
the man page for each function to be sure.
3.1 Looking at Processes
Even as you sit down at your computer, there are processes running. Every executing
program uses one or more processes. Let’s start by taking a look at the processes
already on your computer.
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Chapter 3 Processes
3.1.1 Process IDs
Each process in a Linux system is identified by its unique process ID, sometimes
referred to as pid. Process IDs are 16-bit numbers that are assigned sequentially by
Linux as new processes are created.
Every process also has a parent process (except the special init process, described in
Section 3.4.3,“Zombie Processes”).Thus, you can think of the processes on a Linux
system as arranged in a tree, with the init process at its root.The parent process ID,or
ppid, is simply the process ID of the process’s parent.
When referring to process IDs in a C or C++ program, always use the pid_t
typedef, which is defined in <sys/types.h>. A program can obtain the process ID of
the process it’s running in with the getpid() system call, and it can obtain the process
ID of its parent process with the getppid() system call. For instance, the program in
Listing 3.1 prints its process ID and its parent’s process ID.
Listing 3.1 ( print-pid.c) Printing the Process ID
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main ()
{
printf (“The process ID is %d\n”, (int) getpid ());
printf (“The parent process ID is %d\n”, (int) getppid ());
return 0;
}
Observe that if you invoke this program several times, a different process ID is
reported because each invocation is in a new process. However, if you invoke it every
time from the same shell, the parent process ID (that is, the process ID of the shell
process) is the same.
3.1.2 Viewing Active Processes
The ps command displays the processes that are running on your system.The
GNU/Linux version of ps has lots of options because it tries to be compatible with
versions of ps on several other UNIX variants.These options control which processes
are listed and what information about each is shown.
By default, invoking ps displays the processes controlled by the terminal or terminal
window in which ps is invoked. For example:
% ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
21693 pts/8 00:00:00 bash
21694 pts/8 00:00:00 ps
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3.1 Looking at Processes
This invocation of ps shows two processes.The first, bash, is the shell running on this
terminal.The second is the running instance of the ps program itself.The first col-
umn, labeled PID, displays the process ID of each.
For a more detailed look at what’s running on your GNU/Linux system, invoke
this:
% ps -e -o pid,ppid,command
The -e option instructs ps to display all processes running on the system.The
-o pid,ppid,command option tells ps what information to show about each process—
in this case, the process ID, the parent process ID, and the command running in this
process.
ps Output Formats
With the -o option to the ps command, you specify the information about processes that you want in
the output as a comma-separated list. For example, ps -o pid,user,start_time,command displays
the process ID, the name of the user owning the process, the wall clock time at which the process
started, and the command running in the process. See the man page for
ps for the full list of field codes.
You can use the -f (full listing), -l (long listing), or -j (jobs listing) options instead to get three differ-
ent preset listing formats.
Here are the first few lines and last few lines of output from this command on my
system.You may see different output, depending on what’s running on your system.
% ps -e -o pid,ppid,command
PID PPID COMMAND
1 0 init [5]
2 1 [kflushd]
3 1 [kupdate]
21725 21693 xterm
21727 21725 bash
21728 21727 ps -e -o pid,ppid,command
Note that the parent process ID of the ps command, 21727, is the process ID of bash,
the shell from which I invoked ps.The parent process ID of bash is in turn 21725, the
process ID of the xterm program in which the shell is running.
3.1.3 Killing a Process
You can kill a running process with the kill command. Simply specify on the com-
mand line the process ID of the process to be killed.
The kill command works by sending the process a SIGTERM, or termination,
signal.
1
This causes the process to terminate, unless the executing program explicitly
handles or masks the SIGTERM signal. Signals are described in Section 3.3,“Signals.”
1.You can also use the kill command to send other signals to a process.This is described in
Section 3.4,“Process Termination.”
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Chapter 3 Processes
3.2 Creating Processes
Two common techniques are used for creating a new process.The first is relatively
simple but should be used sparingly because it is inefficient and has considerably
security risks.The second technique is more complex but provides greater flexibility,
speed, and security.
3.2.1 Using system
The system function in the standard C library provides an easy way to execute a
command from within a program, much as if the command had been typed into a
shell. In fact, system creates a subprocess running the standard Bourne shell (/bin/sh)
and hands the command to that shell for execution. For example, this program in
Listing 3.2 invokes the ls command to display the contents of the root directory, as if
you typed ls -l / into a shell.
Listing 3.2 (system.c) Using the system Call
#include <stdlib.h>
int main ()
{
int return_value;
return_value = system (“ls -l /”);
return return_value;
}
The system function returns the exit status of the shell command. If the shell itself
cannot be run, system returns 127; if another error occurs, system returns –1.
Because the system function uses a shell to invoke your command, it’s subject to
the features, limitations, and security flaws of the system’s shell.You can’t rely on the
availability of any particular version of the Bourne shell. On many UNIX systems,
/bin/sh is a symbolic link to another shell. For instance, on most GNU/Linux sys-
tems, /bin/sh points to bash (the Bourne-Again SHell), and different GNU/Linux
distributions use different versions of
bash. Invoking a program with root privilege
with the system function, for instance, can have different results on different
GNU/Linux systems.Therefore, it’s preferable to use the fork and exec method for
creating processes.
3.2.2 Using fork and exec
The DOS and Windows API contains the spawn family of functions.These functions
take as an argument the name of a program to run and create a new process instance
of that program. Linux doesn’t contain a single function that does all this in one step.
Instead, Linux provides one function, fork, that makes a child process that is an exact
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3.2 Creating Processes
copy of its parent process. Linux provides another set of functions, the exec family, that
causes a particular process to cease being an instance of one program and to instead
become an instance of another program.To spawn a new process, you first use fork to
make a copy of the current process.Then you use exec to transform one of these
processes into an instance of the program you want to spawn.
Calling fork
When a program calls fork, a duplicate process, called the child process, is created.The
parent process continues executing the program from the point that fork was called.
The child process, too, executes the same program from the same place.
So how do the two processes differ? First, the child process is a new process and
therefore has a new process ID, distinct from its parent’s process ID. One way for a
program to distinguish whether it’s in the parent process or the child process is to call
getpid. However, the fork function provides different return values to the parent and
child processes—one process “goes in” to the fork call, and two processes “come out,”
with different return values.The return value in the parent process is the process ID of
the child.The return value in the child process is zero. Because no process ever has a
process ID of zero, this makes it easy for the program whether it is now running as the
parent or the child process.
Listing 3.3 is an example of using fork to duplicate a program’s process. Note that
the first block of the if statement is executed only in the parent process, while the
else clause is executed in the child process.
Listing 3.3 ( fork.c) Using fork to Duplicate a Program’s Process
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main ()
{
pid_t child_pid;
printf (“the main program process ID is %d\n”, (int) getpid ());
child_pid = fork ();
if (child_pid != 0) {
printf (“this is the parent process, with id %d\n”, (int) getpid ());
printf (“the child’s process ID is %d\n”, (int) child_pid);
}
else
printf (“this is the child process, with id %d\n”, (int) getpid ());
return 0;
}
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Chapter 3 Processes
Using the exec Family
The exec functions replace the program running in a process with another program.
When a program calls an exec function, that process immediately ceases executing that
program and begins executing a new program from the beginning, assuming that the
exec call doesn’t encounter an error.
Within the exec family, there are functions that vary slightly in their capabilities
and how they are called.
n
Functions that contain the letter p in their names (execvp and execlp) accept a
program name and search for a program by that name in the current execution
path; functions that don’t contain the p must be given the full path of the pro-
gram to be executed.
n
Functions that contain the letter v in their names (execv, execvp, and execve)
accept the argument list for the new program as a NULL-terminated array of
pointers to strings. Functions that contain the letter l (execl, execlp, and
execle) accept the argument list using the C language’s varargs mechanism.
n
Functions that contain the letter e in their names (execve and execle) accept an
additional argument, an array of environment variables.The argument should be
a NULL-terminated array of pointers to character strings. Each character string
should be of the form “VARIABLE=value”.
Because exec replaces the calling program with another one, it never returns unless an
error occurs.
The argument list passed to the program is analogous to the command-line argu-
ments that you specify to a program when you run it from the shell.They are available
through the argc and argv parameters to main. Remember, when a program is
invoked from the shell, the shell sets the first element of the argument list argv[0]) to
the name of the program, the second element of the argument list (argv[1]) to the
first command-line argument, and so on.When you use an exec function in your pro-
grams, you, too, should pass the name of the function as the first element of the argu-
ment list.
Using fork and exec Together
A common pattern to run a subprogram within a program is first to fork the process
and then exec the subprogram.This allows the calling program to continue execution
in the parent process while the calling program is replaced by the subprogram in the
child process.
The program in Listing 3.4, like Listing 3.2, lists the contents of the root directory
using the
ls command. Unlike the previous example, though, it invokes the ls com-
mand directly, passing it the command-line arguments -l and / rather than invoking it
through a shell.
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3.2 Creating Processes
Listing 3.4 ( fork-exec.c) Using fork and exec Together
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
/* Spawn a child process running a new program. PROGRAM is the name
of the program to run; the path will be searched for this program.
ARG_LIST is a NULL-terminated list of character strings to be
passed as the program’s argument list. Returns the process ID of
the spawned process. */
int spawn (char* program, char** arg_list)
{
pid_t child_pid;
/* Duplicate this process. */
child_pid = fork ();
if (child_pid != 0)
/* This is the parent process. */
return child_pid;
else {
/* Now execute PROGRAM, searching for it in the path. */
execvp (program, arg_list);
/* The execvp function returns only if an error occurs. */
fprintf (stderr, “an error occurred in execvp\n”);
abort ();
}
}
int main ()
{
/* The argument list to pass to the “ls” command. */
char* arg_list[] = {
“ls”, /* argv[0], the name of the program. */
“-l”,
“/”,
NULL /* The argument list must end with a NULL. */
};
/* Spawn a child process running the “ls” command. Ignore the
returned child process ID. */
spawn (“ls”, arg_list);
printf (“done with main program\n”);
return 0;
}
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Chapter 3 Processes
3.2.3 Process Scheduling
Linux schedules the parent and child processes independently; there’s no guarantee of
which one will run first, or how long it will run before Linux interrupts it and lets the
other process (or some other process on the system) run. In particular, none, part, or all
of the ls command may run in the child process before the parent completes.
2
Linux
promises that each process will run eventually—no process will be completely starved
of execution resources.
You may specify that a process is less important—and should be given a lower priority
—by assigning it a higher niceness value. By default, every process has a niceness of zero.
A higher niceness value means that the process is given a lesser execution priority;
conversely, a process with a lower (that is, negative) niceness gets more execution time.
To run a program with a nonzero niceness, use the nice command, specifying the
niceness value with the -n option. For example, this is how you might invoke the
command “sort input.txt > output.txt”, a long sorting operation, with a reduced
priority so that it doesn’t slow down the system too much:
% nice -n 10 sort input.txt > output.txt
You can use the renice command to change the niceness of a running process from
the command line.
To change the niceness of a running process programmatically, use the nice func-
tion. Its argument is an increment value, which is added to the niceness value of the
process that calls it. Remember that a positive value raises the niceness value and thus
reduces the process’s execution priority.
Note that only a process with root privilege can run a process with a negative nice-
ness value or reduce the niceness value of a running process.This means that you may
specify negative values to the
nice and renice commands only when logged in as
root, and only a process running as root can pass a negative value to the nice function.
This prevents ordinary users from grabbing execution priority away from others using
the system.
3.3 Signals
Signals are mechanisms for communicating with and manipulating processes in Linux.
The topic of signals is a large one; here we discuss some of the most important signals
and techniques that are used for controlling processes.
A signal is a special message sent to a process. Signals are asynchronous; when a
process receives a signal, it processes the signal immediately, without finishing the cur-
rent function or even the current line of code.There are several dozen different sig-
nals, each with a different meaning. Each signal type is specified by its signal number,
but in programs, you usually refer to a signal by its name. In Linux, these are defined
in /usr/include/bits/signum.h. (You shouldn’t include this header file directly in
your programs; instead, use <signal.h>.)
2. A method for serializing the two processes is presented in Section 3.4.1, “Waiting for
Process Termination.”
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3.3 Signals
When a process receives a signal, it may do one of several things, depending on the
signal’s disposition. For each signal, there is a default disposition, which determines what
happens to the process if the program does not specify some other behavior. For most
signal types, a program may specify some other behavior—either to ignore the signal
or to call a special signal-handler function to respond to the signal. If a signal handler is
used, the currently executing program is paused, the signal handler is executed, and,
when the signal handler returns, the program resumes.
The Linux system sends signals to processes in response to specific conditions. For
instance, SIGBUS (bus error), SIGSEGV (segmentation violation), and SIGFPE (floating
point exception) may be sent to a process that attempts to perform an illegal opera-
tion.The default disposition for these signals it to terminate the process and produce a
core file.
A process may also send a signal to another process. One common use of this
mechanism is to end another process by sending it a
SIGTERM or SIGKILL signal.
3
Another common use is to send a command to a running program.Two “user-
defined” signals are reserved for this purpose: SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2.The SIGHUP signal
is sometimes used for this purpose as well, commonly to wake up an idling program
or cause a program to reread its configuration files.
The sigaction function can be used to set a signal disposition.The first parameter
is the signal number.The next two parameters are pointers to sigaction structures; the
first of these contains the desired disposition for that signal number, while the second
receives the previous disposition.The most important field in the first or second
sigaction structure is sa_handler. It can take one of three values:
n
SIG_DFL, which specifies the default disposition for the signal.
n
SIG_IGN, which specifies that the signal should be ignored.
n
A pointer to a signal-handler function.The function should take one parameter,
the signal number, and return void.
Because signals are asynchronous, the main program may be in a very fragile state
when a signal is processed and thus while a signal handler function executes.
Therefore, you should avoid performing any I/O operations or calling most library
and system functions from signal handlers.
A signal handler should perform the minimum work necessary to respond to the
signal, and then return control to the main program (or terminate the program). In
most cases, this consists simply of recording the fact that a signal occurred.The main
program then checks periodically whether a signal has occurred and reacts accordingly.
It is possible for a signal handler to be interrupted by the delivery of another signal.
While this may sound like a rare occurrence, if it does occur, it will be very difficult to
diagnose and debug the problem. (This is an example of a race condition, discussed in
Chapter 4,“Threads,” Section 4.4, “Synchronization and Critical Sections.”) Therefore,
you should be very careful about what your program does in a signal handler.
3.What’s the difference? The SIGTERM signal asks a process to terminate; the process may
ignore the request by masking or ignoring the signal.The
SIGKILL signal always kills the process
immediately because the process may not mask or ignore
SIGKILL.
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Chapter 3 Processes
Even assigning a value to a global variable can be dangerous because the assignment
may actually be carried out in two or more machine instructions, and a second signal
may occur between them, leaving the variable in a corrupted state. If you use a global
variable to flag a signal from a signal-handler function, it should be of the special type
sig_atomic_t. Linux guarantees that assignments to variables of this type are per-
formed in a single instruction and therefore cannot be interrupted midway. In Linux,
sig_atomic_t is an ordinary int; in fact, assignments to integer types the size of int or
smaller, or to pointers, are atomic. If you want to write a program that’s portable to
any standard UNIX system, though, use sig_atomic_t for these global variables.
This program skeleton in Listing 3.5, for instance, uses a signal-handler function to
count the number of times that the program receives SIGUSR1, one of the signals
reserved for application use.
Listing 3.5 (sigusr1.c) Using a Signal Handler
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
sig_atomic_t sigusr1_count = 0;
void handler (int signal_number)
{
++sigusr1_count;
}
int main ()
{
struct sigaction sa;
memset (&sa, 0, sizeof (sa));
sa.sa_handler = &handler;
sigaction (SIGUSR1, &sa, NULL);
/* Do some lengthy stuff here. */
/* */
printf (“SIGUSR1 was raised %d times\n”, sigusr1_count);
return 0;
}
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3.4 Process Termination
3.4 Process Termination
Normally, a process terminates in one of two ways. Either the executing program calls
the exit function, or the program’s main function returns. Each process has an exit
code: a number that the process returns to its parent.The exit code is the argument
passed to the exit function, or the value returned from main.
A process may also terminate abnormally, in response to a signal. For instance, the
SIGBUS, SIGSEGV, and SIGFPE signals mentioned previously cause the process to termi-
nate. Other signals are used to terminate a process explicitly.The SIGINT signal is sent
to a process when the user attempts to end it by typing Ctrl+C in its terminal.The
SIGTERM signal is sent by the kill command.The default disposition for both of these
is to terminate the process. By calling the abort function, a process sends itself the
SIGABRT signal, which terminates the process and produces a core file.The most pow-
erful termination signal is SIGKILL, which ends a process immediately and cannot be
blocked or handled by a program.
Any of these signals can be sent using the kill command by specifying an extra
command-line flag; for instance, to end a troublesome process by sending it a SIGKILL,
invoke the following, where pid is its process ID:
% kill -KILL pid
To send a signal from a program, use the kill function.The first parameter is the tar-
get process ID.The second parameter is the signal number; use SIGTERM to simulate the
default behavior of the kill command. For instance, where child pid contains the
process ID of the child process, you can use the kill function to terminate a child
process from the parent by calling it like this:
kill (child_pid, SIGTERM);
Include the <sys/types.h> and <signal.h> headers if you use the kill function.
By convention, the exit code is used to indicate whether the program executed
correctly.An exit code of zero indicates correct execution, while a nonzero exit code
indicates that an error occurred. In the latter case, the particular value returned may
give some indication of the nature of the error. It’s a good idea to stick with this con-
vention in your programs because other components of the GNU/Linux system
assume this behavior. For instance, shells assume this convention when you connect
multiple programs with the
&& (logical and) and || (logical or) operators.Therefore,
you should explicitly return zero from your main function, unless an error occurs.
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Chapter 3 Processes
With most shells, it’s possible to obtain the exit code of the most recently executed
program using the special $? variable. Here’s an example in which the ls command is
invoked twice and its exit code is displayed after each invocation. In the first case, ls
executes correctly and returns the exit code zero. In the second case, ls encounters an
error (because the filename specified on the command line does not exist) and thus
returns a nonzero exit code.
% ls /
bin coda etc lib misc nfs proc sbin usr
boot dev home lost+found mnt opt root tmp var
% echo $?
0
% ls bogusfile
ls: bogusfile: No such file or directory
% echo $?
1
Note that even though the parameter type of the exit function is int and the main
function returns an int, Linux does not preserve the full 32 bits of the return code. In
fact, you should use exit codes only between zero and 127. Exit codes above 128 have
a special meaning—when a process is terminated by a signal, its exit code is 128 plus
the signal number.
3.4.1 Waiting for Process Termination
If you typed in and ran the fork and exec example in Listing 3.4, you may have
noticed that the output from the ls program often appears after the “main program”
has already completed.That’s because the child process, in which ls is run, is sched-
uled independently of the parent process. Because Linux is a multitasking operating
system, both processes appear to execute simultaneously, and you can’t predict whether
the
ls program will have a chance to run before or after the parent process runs.
In some situations, though, it is desirable for the parent process to wait until one or
more child processes have completed.This can be done with the wait family of system
calls.These functions allow you to wait for a process to finish executing, and enable
the parent process to retrieve information about its child’s termination.There are four
different system calls in the wait family; you can choose to get a little or a lot of infor-
mation about the process that exited, and you can choose whether you care about
which child process terminated.
3.4.2 The wait System Calls
The simplest such function is called simply wait. It blocks the calling process until one
of its child processes exits (or an error occurs). It returns a status code via an integer
pointer argument, from which you can extract information about how the child process
exited. For instance, the WEXITSTATUS macro extracts the child process’s exit code.
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3.4 Process Termination
You can use the WIFEXITED macro to determine from a child process’s exit status
whether that process exited normally (via the exit function or returning from main)
or died from an unhandled signal. In the latter case, use the WTERMSIG macro to extract
from its exit status the signal number by which it died.
Here is the main function from the fork and exec example again.This time, the
parent process calls wait to wait until the child process, in which the ls command
executes, is finished.
int main ()
{
int child_status;
/* The argument list to pass to the “ls” command. */
char* arg_list[] = {
“ls”, /* argv[0], the name of the program. */
“-l”,
“/”,
NULL /* The argument list must end with a NULL. */
};
/* Spawn a child process running the “ls” command. Ignore the
returned child process ID. */
spawn (“ls”, arg_list);
/* Wait for the child process to complete. */
wait (&child_status);
if (WIFEXITED (child_status))
printf (“the child process exited normally, with exit code %d\n”,
WEXITSTATUS (child_status));
else
printf (“the child process exited abnormally\n”);
return 0;
}
Several similar system calls are available in Linux, which are more flexible or provide
more information about the exiting child process.The
waitpid function can be used
to wait for a specific child process to exit instead of any child process.The wait3 func-
tion returns CPU usage statistics about the exiting child process, and the wait4
function allows you to specify additional options about which processes to wait for.
3.4.3 Zombie Processes
If a child process terminates while its parent is calling a wait function, the child
process vanishes and its termination status is passed to its parent via the wait call. But
what happens when a child process terminates and the parent is not calling wait?
Does it simply vanish? No, because then information about its termination—such as
whether it exited normally and, if so, what its exit status is—would be lost. Instead,
when a child process terminates, is becomes a zombie process.
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Chapter 3 Processes
A zombie process is a process that has terminated but has not been cleaned up yet. It
is the responsibility of the parent process to clean up its zombie children.The wait
functions do this, too, so it’s not necessary to track whether your child process is still
executing before waiting for it. Suppose, for instance, that a program forks a child
process, performs some other computations, and then calls wait. If the child process
has not terminated at that point, the parent process will block in the wait call until the
child process finishes. If the child process finishes before the parent process calls wait,
the child process becomes a zombie.When the parent process calls wait, the zombie
child’s termination status is extracted, the child process is deleted, and the wait call
returns immediately.
What happens if the parent does not clean up its children? They stay around in the
system, as zombie processes.The program in Listing 3.6 forks a child process, which
terminates immediately and then goes to sleep for a minute, without ever cleaning up
the child process.
Listing 3.6 (zombie.c) Making a Zombie Process
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main ()
{
pid_t child_pid;
/* Create a child process. */
child_pid = fork ();
if (child_pid > 0) {
/* This is the parent process. Sleep for a minute. */
sleep (60);
}
else {
/* This is the child process. Exit immediately. */
exit (0);
}
return 0;
}
Try compiling this file to an executable named make-zombie. Run it, and while it’s still
running, list the processes on the system by invoking the following command in
another window:
% ps -e -o pid,ppid,stat,cmd
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